CHAPTER 7:

Air
• Oxygen KEYWORD (page 195)

• Carbon dioxide • Xenon

• Nitrogen • Carbon cycle
• Inert gases • Oxygen cycle
• Helium • Global warming
• Neon • Greenhouse effect
• Argon • Combustion
• Fire extinguisher
• Krypton • Air pollution
Where is the air??
We can
feel the
air
atmosphere
AIR
• Layer of air = atmosphere
• Consist of many gases (eg:
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, inert gas)
• Also contain dust,
water vapour, microorganism
atmosphere
AIR
• Layer of air = atmosphere
• Consist of many gases (eg:
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
• Helium
dioxide, inert gas) • Argon
• Also contain dust, • Neon
• Xenon
water vapour, microorganism
• krypton
7.1 COMPOSITION OF AIR
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert gas

THE COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE PERCENTAGE

AIR OF ITS COMPONENTS BY
VOLUME
Nitrogen 78 %
Oxygen 21 %
Carbon Dioxide 0.03 %
Inert gases and others 0.97 %
  
Oxygen makes up
Nitrogen is (one-fifth) of the air.
an inactive Very important for
gas respiration

Carbon dioxide
important for
Air also contains photosynthesis
water vapour,
microorganism
and dust
  
Oxygen makes up
Nitrogen is (one-fifth) of the air.
an inactive Very important for
gas respiration

Carbon dioxide
important for
Air also contains photosynthesis
water vapour,
microorganism
and dust
EXPERIMENT: TO DETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN IN THE AIR

5
4
3
2
1

Water level increase to the level marked 1.

It shows that composition of oxygen is 1/5 or 21% of the
air.
  
Oxygen makes up
Nitrogen is (one-fifth) of the air.
an inactive Very important for
gas respiration

Carbon dioxide
important for
Air also contains photosynthesis
water vapour,
microorganism
and dust
Prove that
air contains
WATER
VAPOUR
Prove that
air contains
DUST
 Prove that air
contains
MICROORGANISM

B
A B
IS AIR A MIXTURE???

YES!!
The components can be separated
by a physical method
(FRACTIONAL
Without air
THE Oxygen
IMPORTANCE
OF GAS Carbon dioxide

nitrogen Inert gas

 oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
vapour
- respiration
oxygen
• Combustion of rocket engine

• Welding and steel cutting • Preparation

of various
compound
Carbon dioxide
• Fire
extinguisher

• Production of
carbonated
• Photosynthesis drink
Nitrogen Cooling agent

Nitric acid and

Nitrogen cycle
ammonia
 Neon gas in advertising
Inert gas light

Helium in hot air Argon gas in

balloon light bulb
CARBON
CYCLE
ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE
- Photosynthesis

RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE

- Respiration
- Decomposition
- Combustion
CARBON
CYCLE
ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE
- Photosynthesis

RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE

- Respiration
- Decomposition
- Combustion

Maintains the content of CO2

 OXYGEN
CYCLE
NEED OXYGEN
- Respiration
- Combustion
- Rusting
- Decomposition

RELEASE OXYGEN
- Photosynthesis

Very important !!!!!

 OXYGEN
CYCLE
NEED OXYGEN
- Respiration
- Combustion
- Rusting
- Decomposition

RELEASE OXYGEN
- Photosynthesis

Please appreciate!!!!!
WAYS TO
PREVENT
INTERFERENCES
IN THE OXYGEN
AND CARBON
CYCLES
Air pollution = carbon dioxide INCREASE
Deforestation= oxygen DECREASE
 CAUSE INTERFERENCES IN
OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLES
CONSEQUENCES OF
THIS INTERFERENCE:
1.Global Warming
2.Greenhouse Effect
GLOBAL WARMING
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
WAYS TO PREVENT
INTERFERENCES IN
THE OXYGEN AND
CARBON CYCLES
1. Prohibit illegal logging
2. Avoid using excessive pesticides
3. reforestation
excessive release of smoke from vehicles
5. Do not burn forests
7.2 COMBUSTION
conditions needed for combustion
by removing one of
the conditions
needed, we can

prevent
combustion
 Glass rod and
stone will not
burn while
wood and

+ candle will
burn

Prove that fuel is needed for

combustion
 If we put a glass
plate over the
chimney, the
flame finally goes
off because the air
is not available.

Prove that air (oxygen) is needed

for combustion
 in the presence
of water, the
ignition
temperature of
paper is not
reached

Prove that heat is needed for

combustion
Why do we
use water to
extinguish
fire?
Why do we
use water to
extinguish
fire?
BECAUSE
 water is exceptionally good at absorbing heat
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Protective tool that
is used to put out
a fire or handle a
small fire
Various substance used
in the fire extinguisher
Material on fire:
SOLID
(wood, cloth, paper)
Material on fire:
LIQUID
(oil, varnish, paint)
 Material on fire:

GAS
(propane, acetylene, methane)
 Material on fire:
METAL
(potassium, sodium, calcium)
Technique to remove the conditions needed for combustion:

1. COVERING
(cut off the contact of fuel with air/oxygen)
Technique to remove the conditions needed for combustion:

2. COOLING
(cooling the surface of burning materials)
Technique to remove the conditions needed for combustion:
3. REDUCING AMOUNT OF BURNING MATERIAL
(separate/keep away the burning materials)
 Safety
measures to
prevent the
occurrence
of fire
 7.3 AIR POLLUTION

Unwanted substances in the air that

are harmful to living things and
environment

Common air pollutants are dust,

carbon monoxide, lead,
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), pesticides
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Health problem –asthma, lung cancer, headache, death
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
2. Building and infrastructures – Acid rain corrodes
concrete/limestone buildings, speeds up iron rusting
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
3. Plants and animals –Depletion/damage of food resources (water
acidic, smoke decrease sunlight reaching to earth)
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
4. Climate–haze, greenhouse effect, thinning of ozone layer and
acid rain
WAYS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
1. Law enforcement–fine smokers, fine person who conduct
open burning, prohibit factories (away from housing area)
WAYS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
2. Education – educate effect/way to prevent air pollution,
organize campaign, encourage usage of public transport
WAYS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
3. Sciece and technology – implement hybrid technology, choose
HCFC refrigerator, install filter in smoke chimneys
CHECK YOUR ANSWER..

Summative practice
7
  
Oxygen makes up
Nitrogen is (one-fifth) of the air.
an inactive Very important for
gas respiration

Carbon dioxide
important for
Air also contains photosynthesis
water vapour,
microorganism
and dust
Nitrogen Cooling agent

Nitrogen cycle Nitric acid and ammonia

Helps in animal and Produce nitric acid and
plants growth ammonia
Temperature of earth will increase
CONSEQUENCES OF THIS
INTERFERENCE:
1.Global Warming
2.Greenhouse Effect
IS AIR A MIXTURE???

YES!!
The components can be separated
by a physical method
(FRACTIONAL
CARBON
CYCLE
ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE
- Photosynthesis

RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE

- Respiration
- Decomposition
- Combustion
 Neon gas in advertising
Inert gas light

Helium in hot air Argon gas in

balloon light bulb
atmosphere
AIR
• Layer of air = atmosphere
• Consist of many gases (eg:
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, inert gas)
• Also contain dust,
water vapour, microorganism
oxygen
• Combustion of rocket engine

• Welding and steel cutting • Preparation

of various
compound
- green plants are the only living things that can be absorb
and reduce carbon dioxide
- When a lot of trees are cut down, carbon dioxide which
is released through respiration, combustion and
decomposition will increase the percentage of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere
CONSEQUENCES OF
THIS INTERFERENCE:
1.Global Warming
2.Greenhouse Effect
Combustion
is when fuel react
with oxygen
chemically and
produce heat and
light energy
 Safety
measures to
prevent the
occurrence
of fire

Ensure electrical wirings are according

to the right specifications
Various substance used
in the fire extinguisher
 Safety
measures to
prevent the
occurrence
of fire
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
4. Climate–haze, greenhouse effect, thinning of ozone layer and
acid rain
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Health problem –breathing difficulties and cough
5. (c) the visiability distance is limited / shorter
6 (a) Caused by natural processes such as
• The decay of organisms (dead bats)
• Respiration of bats/other animals
6 (a) Caused by natural processes such as
• The decay of organisms (dead bats)
• Respiration of bats/other animals
6 (b) • Flame of the torch will extinguish when the
oxygen level is too low
• The use of the torch can warn us not to
continue the exploration
6 (c) No
• Because we don’t know the exact amount of
oxygen in the cave
• The torch will increase the level of carbon
dioxide in the cave
6 (c) No
• Because we don’t know the exact amount of
oxygen in the cave
• The torch will increase the level of carbon
dioxide in the cave
6 (d) • use the oxygen sensor
• We can know the exact level of oxygen and
take precautions
7 (a) • Villagers are concerned about their health
• Quarry project will cause air pollution
7 (a) • Villagers are concerned about their health
• Quarry project will cause air pollution
7 (b) • Job opportunities
• Can earn money
7 (a) • Villagers are concerned about their health
• Quarry project will cause air pollution
7 (b) • Job opportunities
• Can earn money
7 (c) • Yes
• The project can cause health problems to the
villagers
8 (a) • Green plants need light energy for
photosynthesis
• If lack of light, photosynthesis will decrease
• Plants that do not get enough sunlight will die
• Thus, farmers should replace sunlight with
light energy from lamps (suitable intensity)