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    Bda3703 01

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    Hafzal Gani
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    BDA3703_01

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    14 views28 pages

    Bda3703 01

    Uploaded by

    Hafzal Gani

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    BDA3703

    Hanani bt Abd Wahab


    11 July 2008
    Why do we study control systems?
    What do these two have in common?

    Tornado Boeing 777

    • Highly nonlinear, complicated dynamics!


    • Both are capable of transporting goods and people over long distances
    BUT

    • One is controlled, and the other is not.


    • Control is “the hidden technology that you meet every day”
    • It heavily relies on the notion of “feedback”
    Controlled vs Uncontrolled
    Controlled vs Uncontrolled
    What is Control?
    Control is a term that describes the process of
    forcing a system to behave in a desired way in
    order to achieve certain objective(s)/goal(s).

    Control is the process of making a system variable


    adhere to a particular value, called the reference
    value.
    What is Control System?
    Control system is a group of components which
    maintains desired results (goals) by manipulating
    the value of another variable in the system.

    Goals (Desired results)


     Stability: system maintains desired operating point
     Performance: system responds rapidly to changes
     Robustness: system tolerates perturbations in dynamics
    How to Control?
    Compute Actuate
    Control “Law” Gas Pedal/
    Brake

    Sense
    Vehicle Speed

    Control = Sensing + Computation +


    Actuation
    In Feedback “Loop”
    Feedback Control System
    In general

    Main Components:
    • Plant: Process + Actuator
    • Controller
    • Sensor
    • Disturbance
    Room Temperature Control
    More Examples
    Control is “the hidden technology that you
    meet every day”

     Control System in Nature


     Historical Examples
     Modern Examples
    Control Systems in Nature
     Pancreas:
     regulate blood sugar.
     Adrenalin
     automaticallygenerated to increase heart-rate and
    oxygen intake in times of flight.
     Eyes
     able to follow a moving object.
     Hand:
     ableto pick up an object and place it at a
    predetermined location
    Historical Examples
     Ancient Greece [1 – 300 BC]: water float regulation,
    water clock, automatic oil lamp.
     17th Century: Cornelis Drebbel – temperature
    control.
     18th Century: James Watt – Flyball governor
     Late 19th Century to mid 20th Century: Development
    of “Classical Control Theory”
     1960’s – present “Modern Control Theory”
    Flyball Governor Balls fly out
     Regulate speed of steam engine as speed
    increases,
     Reduce effects of variations in load
    (disturbance rejection)
     Major advance of industrial revolution
    Valve closes,
    slowing engine

    Steam Flyball
    engine governor

    http://www.heeg.de/~roland/SteamEngine.html
    Boulton-Watt steam engine
    Modern Examples
     Control System in Transportation System
     Control in Process Industry
     Control in Manufacturing Industry
     Control in Home
    Control in Transportation

     Automotive: Engine regulation, active suspension,


    anti-lock braking system (ABS).
     Steering of missiles, planes, aircrafts and ships at
    sear.
    Control in Process Industry
     In the process industries, control is used to
    regulate level, pressure and temperature of
    refinery vessel.

     In steel rolling mill, the position of the rolls is


    controlled according to the measure of thickness
    of the steel coming off the finishing line.
    Control in Manufacturing
    Systems
    Control in Home
     CD Players, the position of the laser spot in
    relation to the microscopic pits in a CD is
    controlled.
     Video Recorder, the tracking of the record and
    play back head is controlled by controlling the
    velocity of the tape.
     Air conditioning system uses thermostat and
    control the temperature in the room.
    Control in Home
    CD Player
    Open-loop vs. Closed-loop
     An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating
    device to control the process directly without
    using feedback.

    Missile launcher system


    Open-loop vs. Closed-loop
     A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and
    feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired output
    (reference or command).
    Control is “the hidden technology that
    you meet every day”
    What will we study
    MINGGU TOPIK
    WEEK TOPICS
    Lecture 1:
    1
    Introduction to Control – Control System types, System representation.
    Lecture 2:
    2
    Introduction to Control – Open and close loop system
    Lecture 3:
    3
    Block diagram- transfer function, signal flow graph.
    Lecture 4:
    4
    Block diagram- Block diagram reduction, Block diagram reduction using Matlab Software.
    Lecture 5:
    5
    Mathematical model- Mechanical translational system, mechanical rotational system, hydraulic system.
    Lecture 6:
    6
    Mathematical model- Liquid level system, thermal system, electrical system, electro-mechanical system.
    7 MID SEMESTER BREAK
    Lecture 7:
    8 Time response analysis- Laplace transformation, classification of control system, first order system, second
    order system
    Lecture 8:
    9 Time response analysis (Contd) - Effectiveness of feedback control system, control action, Routh stability
    criterion. )

    Lecture 9:
    10
    Time response analysis (Contd) - Root locus technique, Root locus analysis using MATLAB/SIMULINK
    Lecture 10:
    11
    Frequency response analysis – stability in frequency domain, stability Nyquist plot (introduction), Bode plot.
    What will we study
    Lecture 11:
    12
    Frequency response analysis (Contd) – stability in frequency domain, Bode plot stability via Bode plot.

    13 SPECIAL HOLIDAY (CUTI KHAS UNIVERSITI)

    Lecture 12 :
    14
    Basic design of control system – basic principles of control system design, proportional controller(PD)

    Lecture 13 :
    15
    Basic design of control system – Proportional + integral controller(PI)

    Lecture 14:
    16
    Basic design of control system –Proportional controller + integral controller + derivative controller (PID)

    17 STUDY WEEK

    18-20 FINAL EXAM


    Why do we study control systems?
    Summary
     Control system is a group of components
    which maintains desired results (goals) by
    manipulating the value of another variable
    in the system.
     Control is every where, you just have to
    look for it.
     Main References :
     OgataK., Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall,
    New Jersey, 2002 Fourth Edition.

     Others References :
     J. Dorf, Modern Control Engineering, Addison Wesley
    Publishing , 2004.
     Norman S. Nise Control System Engineering, The
    Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. , 2004
    Fourth.Edition,
     Introduction to Matlab 7 for Engineers, McGraw.Hill
    International Edition, 2005

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