Chapter 5 - 6 BDA 10602

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CHAPTER 5 & 6

– BDA 10602 –

5.1 FACTS FINDING / NATURE OF THE PROBLEM


6.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

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PROBLEM DEFINITION

Delivery Price

Customer
Dissatisfaction

Data
Returns Reliability Phone Gathering
Response

Pareto
Delivery Invoice Queries

Phone
Calls

e
ns

Re ice

y
De t y
n

er
r
ho

i
tu

Pr

bil
liv
Sales

lep
Chasing

Re

lia
Te
Chasing
Checksheet
Delivery
Sales
Invoice Queries
Other

Pareto

s s g r ry
e rie Sale asin Othe elive
u Ch D
eQ
Clearer Invoices? oic
Inv
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Problem statement and data gathering

ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM
• Also known as
 Cause and Effect Diagrams,

 Fishbone Diagrams,

 Herringbone Diagrams,

 Fishikawa Diagrams.

• The procedure was officially developed by


Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa (1915–1989) in 1968
with applications in manufacturing quality
control.
• Each cause is placed in a line that ends in a
box identifying a problem, just as the
diagram illustrates
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CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM

Step 6
Step 5 • Analyze
• Add the
Step 4 Detailed Diagram
Step 3 • Identify Levels
Causes
• Identify Influencing
Main the Effect
Step 2 Categories
Step 1 • Fill in the
• Identify Effect
and Box and
Define • Draw the
the Spine
Effect

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How to address problem statement???

Statement
Too many cars, motorcycle in UTHM

Problem
Road getting crowded, accident frequently,
environmental pollution, fuel consumption

So… how…?

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What is a good problem statement?

1. INVITATIONAL STEM

 The initial statement of a problem often reflects a


preconceived solution.
 Once we have settled on a perspective, we close off but
one line of thought.
 Certain kinds of ideas occur to us, but only those kinds
and no others
 The formulation of a problem determines the range of
choices: the questions you ask determine the answers
you receive.

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 To start with, it’s helpful to coin problems in a particular
way.

 Write the problems you want to solve as a definite


question. Use the phrase “In what ways might I…?” to
start a problem statement.

 This is sometimes known as the invitational stem and


helps keep you from settling on a problem statement that
may reflect only one perception of the problem.

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In the series of letters below, cross out six letters to make a common word.

CSRIEXLEATTTERES

• If you state the problem as: “How to cross out six letters to
form a common word?” you’ll find it difficult to solve.
• If, instead, you framed it: “In what ways might I cross out
six letters to form a common word?”
• You will likely find yourself inspired to think of many
alternative possible solutions,
• You will then include the solution which is to literally cross
out the letters “S,” “I,” “X,” “L,” “E,” “T,” “T,” “ and so on,
leaving the word CREATE.

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2. CLEARLY STATE OWNERSHIP

• Problem statement should clearly state whose problem


you are working with.
• Ownership clarification must link to invitational
statement.
• “In what ways .....might”............................ I or Abu... –
clear that you are working on a problem for which one
person has the ownership.

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3. VERB AND OBJECTIVE

• Problem statement should make clear the objective and


action for the question
• i.e: “In what ways may we increase membership in our
group”
• Verb – increase – is constructive
• Objective – membership
• States clearly that we need to find ideas to increase

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Creativity
Thinking in Creative the following
problem statement:

“How to make all peoples in UTHM more attractive


to walk and cycle during in the campus ? ”

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