Natural Hazards: Earthquake and Volcanic

NATURAL HAZARDS
Earthquake and Volcanic

The minimal to rapid shaking of the ground due to the movement of rocks
along fractures known as faults.
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS
There are so many things that can happen
during or after an earthquake
Specifically disasters or ‘hazards’
WHAT ARE THOSE?

SURFACE RUPTURE AND PHYSICAL DAMAGE
• Is the most obvious hazard of an Earthquake

• Breaking of the ground, (Uplift and Subsidence); and
• Buildings collapsing
Earthquakes with higher energy create stronger ground motion

LIQUEFACTION
• Is the mixing of sand or soil and groundwater (underground water) during the shaking of
an Earthquake.
• Buildings can even sink into the ground if soil liquefaction occurs.
Liquefaction
+
Subsidence
It is a hazard specially in areas that have groundwater near the surface and sandy soil
HOW DOES
HAPPEN?
• When the water and soil are mixed, the ground becomes very soft and acts
similar to quicksand
If liquefaction occurs under a building, it may start to lean, tip over, or sink several feet.
• The ground firms up again after the earthquake has past and the water
has settled back down it usual place deeper in the ground.
• It can break out during or after an earthquake when damage happen along electric
power lines, substations, and power plants.
Fire after earthquake in Biratnagar, Nepal

• It can also occur when Ground Rupture creates gas leaks
• Also called harbor wave, is an earthquake hazard that is generated when
earthquakes occur on the seafloor.
• Occurs when there is too much shaking of the ground, which loosens the soil,
facilitating its downward movement.
Landslide may occur as a result of broken off pieces of land.

Most of the hazards to people come from man-made structures themselves and
the shaking they receive from the earthquake. The real dangers to people are
being crushed in a collapsing building, drowning in a flood caused by a broken
dam or levee, getting buried under a landslide, or being burned in a fire.
Although landslide is an Earthquake hazard, it could also be triggered by other factors

such as heavy rainfall, deforestation, human activities, and etc.
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
+ HAZARDS
QUICK FACT
Earthquakes are sometimes used in predicting

volcanic eruptions
It alerts the authorities to observe a nearby volcano.

Active volcanoes are the ones that are usually closely monitored by Volcanologist.
Two types of
*Depending on the magma
composition.
BASED ON MAGMA COMPOSITION
Explosive Type Hawaiian / Non-Explosive Type

• Highly viscous magma • Low viscous magma
• Contains large amounts of dissolved • Contains low amount of dissolved gases.

gases.
Magma could not easily get out, that’s why it

builds up pressure resulting to an explosion.
VISCOSITY?
Viscosity determines the ability of magma to flow
The lower viscosity, the easier it is for the magma to flow.
Explosive Type Non-Explosive Type
• The viscosity of magma is affected by and
Silica
Silica Temperature
Content Temperature
Content
High Viscosity Low Viscosity

Explosive volcanic eruptions release pyroclastic flows and materials that are
considered to pose the greatest threat.
• Pyroclastic flows often render people unable to run since they become overwhelmed with what they are
seeing.
Pyroclastic Flow
• Too much pyroclastic material, may bury people and severely damage the
agricultural land and livestock; and somehow lead to FAMINE.
• After an eruption, pyroclastic material that have settled along the slope of the
volcano get mixed with rainwater… Starting a mudflow or LAHAR.
Lahar moving at high speed and destroying everything along its path.
• Poisonous gases are also released by volcanoes.

• Volcanic eruption can also happen underwater, which can trigger a
Earthquake Hazards
Volcanic Eruption + Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Volcanic Hazards

Surface Rupture & Physical Damage Pyroclastic Flows and Materials
Liquefaction People unable to run
Fires Bury people and agriculture
Tsunami Mudflow or LAHAR Poisonous
Landslide gases
Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption
Two Types; based on magma comp.
1. Explosive Eruption
2. Non-Explosive Eruption
MITIGATION
AND
ADAPTATION
MITIGATION
Is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters.
• In order for mitigation to be effective, we need to take action now before the next disaster –
to reduce human and financial consequences later.
ADAPTATION
Is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of natural disasters.
• Adapting to life in case of disasters involves adjusting to actual or expected future disasters.
The Philippines is located in a disaster risk area, and hazards will always be present.
HAZARD MAPS
• One of the government’s response to mitigate and adapt to the hazards.
• Developed to indicate the places where most of the natural disasters usually occur
and will most likely occur.
Flood Hazard Map in Marikina Earthquake Hazard | Risk in MM
With this, people can be informed and can create an emergency response plan.
There can be reduction and mitigation of the dangers of these natural disasters to life and property
Aside from Hazards Maps to mitigate and adapt to natural disasters,
Action plans should be conceptualized to identify the priorities for action and plan for the
possible impacts affecting the country.
Local Programs should also be established to help the people who are most affected by
natural disasters to recover from their losses and also train them think out of the box.
Education | Knowledge is also a means for people to mitigate and adapt to natural
disasters.
In preparation for natural disasters, information regarding what to do before, during,
and after a natural disaster is disseminated all over the country.
Before During After

Be aware of the earthquake Duck under a sturdy desk or Check yourself and
evacuation plans for all the
Earthquake buildings you occupy regularly
table and hold onto it. Protect others for injuries.
your head with your arms.
Before After
Be aware of landslide-susceptible areas in Stay away from the slide area since the land
Landslide your neighborhood. may still be loose and it may still occur.
Before During After

Volcanic Prepare an emergency Do not panic; stay calm. Check your house for
Eruption disaster plan for you and
your family
damage.
END OF PRESENTATION
INDEX
• by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than
it was before the earthquake (subsidence) or (uplift).
• Subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward
relative to a datum such as sea-level.
• A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the
blocks to move relative to each other.
• Philippines experience a lot of Earthquakes because it is located in the Circum- Pacific
Belt, situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire
• Pacific Ring of Fire is term used for VOLCANOES only.
INDEX
TWO TYPES OF VOLCANO
•The viscosity of the magma is affected by Silica content and temperature HAZARD
MAPS
• The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) are responsible
for
Hazard Maps.

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NATURAL HAZARDS

Earthquake and Volcanic

Specifically disasters or ‘hazards’

WHAT ARE THOSE?

• Is the most obvious hazard of an Earthquake

Earthquakes with higher energy create stronger ground motion

Fire after earthquake in Biratnagar, Nepal

Landslide may occur as a result of broken off pieces of land.

Although landslide is an Earthquake hazard, it could also be triggered by other factors

Earthquakes are sometimes used in predicting

It alerts the authorities to observe a nearby volcano.

Explosive Type Hawaiian / Non-Explosive Type

• Contains large amounts of dissolved • Contains low amount of dissolved gases.

Magma could not easily get out, that’s why it

• The viscosity of magma is affected by and

High Viscosity Low Viscosity

• Poisonous gases are also released by volcanoes.

Earthquake Hazards Volcanic Hazards

Flood Hazard Map in Marikina Earthquake Hazard | Risk in MM

Before During After

Before During After

TWO TYPES OF VOLCANO

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