Week 8 – Lesson 1

Geologic Processes
and Hazards
 Lesson Objective:
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to: Describe the various hazards
that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
 Pre-Activity!
There are examples of natural disasters on
the next slide, try to identify the different
disasters as many as you can! Afterwards,
discuss it with your seatmates and see who
among you got the most number of correct
answers.
KWL Chart
 GEOLOGY
is the study of the Earth and its history. It
involves studying the materials that make up the
earth, the features and structures found on
Earth, as well as the processes that act upon
them. It also deals with the study of the history
of all life living on the earth now.
 How do
Geologic
processe
s occur?
 Geological processes are naturally occurring
events that directly or indirectly impact the geology
of the Earth.
Examples of geological processes include events
such as plate tectonics, weathering, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, mountain formation, deposition,
erosion, droughts, flooding, and landslides.
Geological processes affect every human on the
Earth all of the time, but are most noticeable when
they cause loss of life or property. These threatening
processes are called natural disasters.
 Natural Hazards

A natural hazard is the threat of

an event that will likely have a
negative impact.
Guess What?
Guess What?
Guess What?
Guess What?
 Based on the
illustration, can you
name five (5) geologic
hazards posed by an
erupting volcano?
 Geologic processes and hazards are
events which occur irregularly in
time and space and cause negative
impact on man and the environment.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis (tidal waves), and
landslides are the geologic hazards.
EARTHQUAKE
is one of the most violent
natural phenomena. According
to the number of victims and
destructive force, it exceeds all
other natural disasters.
Earthquakes also happen under
the ocean and can cause
tsunamis.
 Earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions can trigger
landslides, especially in
areas with water saturated
soils, a common
characteristic of Cascadia.
Landslides may result in
falling rocks and debris that
collide with people,
buildings, and vehicles.
 HAZARDS
CAUSED BY
AN
EARTHQUAKE
 GROUND SHAKING
• is one of the hazards resulting from earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
• both a hazard created by earthquakes and the
trigger for other hazards such as liquefaction and
landslides.
• describes the vibration of the ground during an
earthquake.
 SURFACE FAULTING
• A displacement that reaches the earth's
surface during slip along a fault.
• It commonly occurs with shallow
earthquakes; those with an epicenter less
than 20 km.
• It also may accompany aseismic creep or
natural or man-induced subsidence.
 LANDSLIDES
• Is defined as the movement of a mass of rock,
debris, or earth down a slope.
• A type of "mass wasting," which denotes any
down-slope movement of soil and rock under
the direct influence of gravity.
• The term "landslide" encompasses five modes
of slope movement: falls, topples, slides,
spreads, and flows.
 LIQUEFACTION
• describes the way in which soil
liquefies during ground shaking.
• It can undermine the foundations and
supports of buildings, bridges,
pipelines, and roads, causing them to
sink into the ground, collapse, or
dissolve.
 TSUNAMIS
• Are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic
eruptions under the sea.
• It can injure or kill many people and cause significant
damage to buildings and other structures. The speed
of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather
than the distance from the source of the wave.
Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes over
deep waters, only slowing down when reaching
shallow waters.
 VOLCANOES
• A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's
crust through which lava, ash, rock, and gases erupt.
• Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating but are also
very dangerous. Any kind of volcano can create
harmful or deadly phenomena, whether during an
eruption or a period of dormancy.
• Volcanoes are natural systems and always have some
element of unpredictability.
 VOLCANIC
•
ERUPTION
A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is
released from a volcano.
• Volcanic eruptions are major natural hazards
on Earth.
• Volcanic eruptions can have a devastating
effect on people and the environment.
 HAZARDS
CAUSED BY
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 TEPHRA
• consists of pyroclastic
fragments of any size and
origin. It is a synonym for
"pyroclastic material."
Tephra ranges in size from
ash (64 mm).
 PYROCLASTIC FLOW
• Is a dense, fast-moving flow of

solidified lava pieces, volcanic

ash, and hot gases.

• Pyroclastic flows form in various

ways.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
• A common cause is when the column of lava, ash, and

gases expelled from a volcano during an eruption loses its

upward momentum and falls back to the ground.

• Another cause is when volcanic material expelled during

immediately begins moving down the sides of the volcano.

Pyroclastic flows can also form when a lava dome or lava

flow becomes too steep and collapses. an eruption

 LAHAR
• is an Indonesian term that
describes a hot or cold mixture of
water and rock fragments that
flows down the slopes of a volcano
and typically enters a river valley.
• Lahars are extremely dangerous
especially to those living in valley
areas near a volcano.
• Lahars can bury and destroy
manmade structures including
roads and bridges.
 FLOOD
• It is an overflow of water that
submerges land that is
usually dry.
• Floods can look very different
because flooding covers
anything from a few inches
of water to several feet.
•
LAVA DOMES
Formed by viscous magma being erupted
effusively onto the surface and then
piling up around the vent.
• Like lava flows, they typically do not have
enough gas or pressure to erupt
explosively, although they may
sometimes be preceded or followed by
explosive activity.
• The shape and size of lava domes varies
greatly, but they are typically steep-sided
and thick.
 POISONOUS GASES
• the gases that are released
during a volcanic eruption,
come from deep within the
Earth.
• The largest portion of gases
released into the atmosphere
is water vapor.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Places of Possible Hazards

• The table below showed places where

potential hazards may occur. Write the
possible hazards for the given places.
Guide Questions:
1.What will you do if you are: a.) in the classroom or
corridor, b) in the territory surrounding the school, c.)
in the school building and d.) in the settlement when
an earthquake happens?
2.Which places are the most dangerous?
3.Whose instructions should you follow? What should
you do if you are alone?
4.It might happen that your family members are not
nearby. Who should you call to receive help after an
earthquake? Do you know the telephone numbers?
 Week 8 – Lesson 2
HAZARDS and
HAZARD MAP
 The Philippines is an archipelago that is made up of
7641 islands and home to world renown natural
wonders and pristine water bodies. The country is in a
unique location because it rests in the Pacific Typhoon
Belt and Pacific’s earthquake and volcano Ring of Fire.
The Ring of Fire is a home to over 75% of the world’s
active and dormant volcanoes. Because of its
geographic location, the Philippines is among the
greatest hazard and disaster-prone countries in the
world.
 HAZARDS
A phenomenon caused by natural or human
forces which poses threat to humans, animals,
properties and environment. For instance, since
the Philippines is located within the Ring of Fire,
the country experiences many earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions compared to other countries.
This makes the country one of the most hazard-
prone countries in the world..
 HAZARD
Hazards can be classified as either natural or
anthropogenic.
Natural: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
landslides and tsunamis (climate and weather-
related hazards)
Anthropogenic: Deforestation, mining and
climate change (man-made)
 HAZARD MAP
It is a map that illustrates the areas that are
exposed or prone to a particular hazard.
They are used for natural hazards such as
landslides, flooding, volcanic eruption and
tsunami. It is also used to mitigate the
potential negative effects of these hazards
WHAT I HAVE
LEARNED?
 Week 8 – Lesson 3
Geologic Processes
and Hazards
After going through this module, you are expected
to:
1. identify human activities that speed up or trigger
landslides;
2. explain why it is important to identify human
activities that speed up or trigger landslides; and
3. cite some precautionary measures in preparing
for the landslides.
Landslide is an occurrence in which soil,
rocks and vegetal debris are transported
suddenly or slowly down a slope due to
insufficient stability. It may happen when
there is continuous rainfall, earthquakes
and/or volcanic eruption accompanied by a
very loud noise.
Landslide can be resulted
from the failure of the
materials to make up the hill
slope, and get driven by the
force of gravity. Landslide
is also known as landslips,
slumps or slope failure.
Listed below are some of the human activities
that speed up or trigger landslide:
a. Overloading slopes
b. Mining which uses explosives underground
c. Excavation or displacement of rocks.
d. Land use such as modification of slopes by
construction of roads, railways, buildings, houses,
etc.
e. Quarrying which includes excavation or pit, open to
the air, from which building stone, slate, or the like
is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
f. Land pollution which is the degradation of
earth’s land surface, exploitation of minerals and
improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural
practices.
g. Excavation which pertains to exposure,
processing, and recording of archaeological
remains
h. Cutting Trees that can lead to deforestation and
may encourage landslide
Due to these human activities, several
effects of landslides were noted. These
cause property damage, injury and
death and adversely affect a variety of
resources. For example, water supplies,
fisheries, sewage disposal systems,
forests, dams and roadways can be
affected for years after a slide event.
The negative economic effects of landslides
include the cost to repair structures, loss of
property value, disruption of transportation
routes, medical costs in the event of injury, and
indirect costs such as lost timber and lost fish
stocks. Water availability, quantity and quality
can be affected by landslides. Geotechnical
studies and engineering projects to assess and
stabilize potentially dangerous sites can be
costly.
Are we prepared in case of landslides?
These are some precautionary measures to
observe and follow in preparing for
landslides:

a. Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow

fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
b. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides
and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe
to do so.
c. Listen for any unusual sounds that
might indicate moving debris, such as
trees cracking or boulders knocking
together.
d. If you are near a stream or channel,
be alert for any sudden increase or
decrease in water flow and for a change
from clear to muddy water.
e. Be especially alert when driving.
Bridges may be washed out, and culverts
overtop.
f. Be aware that strong shaking from
earthquakes can induce or intensify the
effects of landslides.
 Week 8 – Lesson 4
HYDROMETEOROLOG
ICAL PHENOMENA
AND HAZARDS
 Meteorology
Meteorology the study of
atmospheric science and focuses
largely on weather forecasting.
Hydrometeorologi
cal Hazards
They are brought by extreme
meteorological and climate
phenomena that include tropical
cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes
(ipo-ipo), drought, and floods.
 Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclones are known in various names
depending on the country where you live. In the
Western North Pacific around the Philippines, Japan,
and China the storms are known as typhoons, while in
the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern North Pacific
they are referred to as hurricanes.
 Tropical Cyclones
Here are the top five destructive typhoons to ever
hit the country: Typhoon Haiphong (1881),
Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (2013), Tropical storm
Thelma (Uring) (1991), Typhoon Bopha (Pablo)
(2012), and Typhoon Angela (1867).
 Monsoons
A monsoon is a seasonal wind and rain pattern,
and the word “monsoon” is believed to have
originated from the Arabic word mawsim
(season), via Portuguese and the Dutch monsun.
 Monsoons
There are two known monsoons in the Philippines
that occur every year:
Summer Southwest (Habagat) and Winter
Northeast Monsoon (Amihan).
1. Amihan: brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings
during the dry season (October to late March)
2. Habagat: brings heavy rains and some deadly
typhoons (June to September)
Monsoons
 FLOODS
Flood is an abnormal
progressive rise in the water
level of a stream that may
result in the overflow by the
water of the normal confines of
the stream. A flood can vary in
size, speed of water, and
duration.
 TORNADO
A tornado is a narrow, violently
rotating column of air that extends
from a thunderstorm to the
ground. The main cause of
tornadoes are thunderstorms
though tornadoes are not common
in the Philippines, still it can occur
at any time of the year.
MARINE and
COASTAL
PROCESSES
 Word Decoding
Directions. Rearrange the
jumbled letters and identify
the term being referred to in
each of the following items.
Revisiting
Marine &
Coastal
Processes
 OCEANOGRAP
HY
The scientific field dealing with these
processes happening in our major
oceans and seas.
It is an interdisciplinary field of science
that integrates the different fields such
as physics, chemistry, biology,
geology, meteorology, mathematics
and even the social sciences to
understand the link between humans
and oceans.
 Coastal
Processes
are activities or events happening in
the marine environment. These are
driven by the different environmental
factors such as atmospheric pressure,
temperature, movement of the Earth,
moon, and other dynamic changes in
the ocean. It include waves, tides, sea
level change, crustal movement, and
storm surge.
• Waves are caused by the movement of
the air masses in the coastal
environment.
• Tides refer to the gravitational pull
between the Earth and the moon.
• Sea level change is a result of the rise
of ocean water which can be attributed to
the melting of glaciers or iceberg in the
polar regions.
• Storm surge refers to the rising of
seawater due to changes in pressure
and wind associated with a storm.
• Crustal movement is caused by the
motion of the oceanic and continental
crust of the Earth.
Effects of
Coastal
Processes
 Coastal
Erosion
It is the loss or displacement of
land along the coastline due to
the action of waves, currents,
tides, wind-driven water, or other
impacts of storms. Coastal erosion
is a type of coastal hazard which
is brought about by the different
coastal processes.
 SALTWATER
It is a major concern commonly found in
coastalINTRUSION
aquifers around the world. An
aquifer is an underground layer of
permeable rock, gravel, sand or silt.
Groundwater from an aquifer is usually
extracted by a water well. Once an aquifer
becomes contaminated it becomes unusable
anywhere from 2 weeks to 10,000 years.
Saltwater intrusion is the induced flow of
seawater into freshwater aquifers primarily
caused by groundwater development near
the coast.
SUBMERSION
It refers to the movement of
coastal sediments from the
visible portion of a beach to
the submerged nearshore
region of the coast.
MITIGATION
TO Coastal
Processes
and hazards
 Question!
Are you fond of going to the
beach?
 Read to Fill Out!
Read the article about coastal processes. Then, fill
in the given table below with the corresponding
information needed.

According to the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources, coastal ecosystems of the Philippines are very
productive and represent the huge amount of natural resources.
It provides food and livelihood to many people. However, it is
also the most geologically active zone on Earth. Coastal
processes in this zone may result to erosion, submersion and
saltwater intrusion. These effects could lead to different hazards
such as:
 Barrier Islands movement
Barrier islands are
formed due to
deposition of sand
brought by waves
protecting the mainland
from damage due to
large waves. It also
provides habitat for the
aquatic wildlife. It can
be destroyed or moved
by erosion on the
contrary.
 Flooding
It also destroys habitat
and may lead to great
erosion. The main cause of
this hazard is the
submersion or sea level
rise, a climate change
phenomenon through
which ocean water volume
increases, ice sheets and
glaciers melt, and
occurrence of thermal
expansion.
 Fresh Water
Intrusion orContamination
movement
of saline water to fresh
water aquifers can lead to
the degradation or
contamination of ground
water including drinking
water resources. Intrusion
is aided by hydraulic action
but triggered by human
activities.
 Root Mapping
Directions:
Complete the
following
concept map
by identifying
the impacts
and mitigation
method
appropriate in
the given
human
activities.
 Making an Action Plan
Directions:

Suppose you are the coordinator of the Municipal

Disaster Risk Reduction Management of your town.
You are tasked to make an action plan to mitigate the
effects of coastal processes in risk zone. The action
plan template is already given below. Remember that
the environment and people’s health are your
priorities. Then, kindly answer the guide questions.