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    Transistors Part2

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    Archangel Gab
    The document discusses different types of transistor amplifier circuits. It covers multistage amplifiers and how their overall gain is calculated. It describes different coupling methods between amplifier stages including direct, RC, impedance, and transformer coupling. It also discusses classes of amplifier operation including classes A, B, AB, and C. Other topics covered include push-pull amplifiers, tuned circuits, feedback, and types of amplifiers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Transistors Part2

    Uploaded by

    Archangel Gab
    16 views33 pages
    The document discusses different types of transistor amplifier circuits. It covers multistage amplifiers and how their overall gain is calculated. It describes different coupling methods between amplifier stages including direct, RC, impedance, and transformer coupling. It also discusses classes of amplifier operation including classes A, B, AB, and C. Other topics covered include push-pull amplifiers, tuned circuits, feedback, and types of amplifiers.

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    Transistors_part2

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    The document discusses different types of transistor amplifier circuits. It covers multistage amplifiers and how their overall gain is calculated. It describes different coupling methods between amplifier stages including direct, RC, impedance, and transformer coupling. It also discusses classes of amplifier operation including classes A, B, AB, and C. Other topics covered include push-pull amplifiers, tuned circuits, feedback, and types of amplifiers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views33 pages

    Transistors Part2

    Uploaded by

    Archangel Gab
    The document discusses different types of transistor amplifier circuits. It covers multistage amplifiers and how their overall gain is calculated. It describes different coupling methods between amplifier stages including direct, RC, impedance, and transformer coupling. It also discusses classes of amplifier operation including classes A, B, AB, and C. Other topics covered include push-pull amplifiers, tuned circuits, feedback, and types of amplifiers.

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    Transistors (part 2)

    Multistage Amplifier…

     The gain of a single stage


    amplifier circuit is not enough.
    Therefore, it is necessary to have
    a multistage amplifier.
     Proper coupling of the different
    stages is necessary.
    Overall Gain

     The overall gain of an amplifier circuit


    with multiple stages is the product of
    the gain of each stage.
     Gain in dB are simply added to get the
    overall gain.
    Amplifier Coupling…
     Types of Coupling
    – Direct Coupling
    – RC Coupling
    – Impedance Coupling
    – Transformer Coupling

    COUPLING - Process of transferring


    energy between stages in a circuit.
    Direct Coupling
    RC Coupling
    Impedance Coupling
    Transformer Coupling
    Coupling Summary

     Direct Coupling
    – Good frequency response.
    – Simple circuitry when few stages are used
    but is difficult to design when there are
    many stages.
    – Temperature sensitive.
    – Not used very often.
    Coupling Summary

     RC Coupling
    – Stages are isolated from one another at
    DC.
    – Stages may use different power supply.
    – Not highly efficient.
    – Limitation at low frequency.
    Coupling Summary

     Impedance Coupling
    – Operates like RC coupling.
    – It has higher efficiency than RC coupling.
    Coupling Summary

     Transformer Coupling
    – High efficiency.
    – Provides impedance matching.
    – Often used for the output (between the
    final stage and the output device).
    – Cost, size, & weight can be a problem.
    Z-matching
    Effect of Z-matching

    R2 I VR2 PR1 PR2


    100 9mA 900mV 82.6mW 8.3mW
    200 8.3mA 1.67V 69.4mW 13.9mW
    500 6.7mA 3.33V 44.4mW 22.2mW
    1k 5mA 5V 25mW 25mW
    2k 3.3mA 6.67V 11.1mW 22.2mW
    5k 1.7mA 8.33V 2.7mW 13.69mW
    10k 0.9mA 9.09V 0.9mW 8.3mW
    Z-matching in
    Transformers

    2
     NP  ZP
      
    N
     S Z S
    Classes of Operation

     Class A
     Class B
     Class AB
     Class C
    Class A

     The amplifier is operated with Q-point


    at the center of the load line.
     A noncentered Q-point limits the
    output of the amplifier.
     The amplifier conducts for 360°.
    Class A
     Good fidelity.
    FIDELITY – the output signal is just like the
    input signal in all respects except the
    amplitude.
     Low efficiency
    EFFICIENCY – ratio of the output power to
    the input power.
    25%, maximum. 50% when transformer is
    used for impedance matching.
    Class B

     An amplifier whose Q-point is at cut-


    off.
     Amplifier conducts for only 180°.
     Max. Efficiency = 79%
    Class C

     Q-point is set beyond cutoff.


     Amplifier conducts for less than 180°.
     Efficiency ≈ 100%
    Push-pull Amplifier

     Amplifier circuit implemented in Class


    B (or Class AB) operation.
     Two types:
    – Complementary Symmetry Transistors
     A.k.a. complementary amplifier.
     Uses 2 emitter-followers.

    – Transformer Coupling.
    Push-pull Amplifier
    Push-pull Amplifier
    Tuned Circuits in
    Amplifiers
     Parallel L & C.
     A.k.a. tank circuit
    Feedback

     Process of taking back a portion of the


    output signal to the input of a given
    circuit.
     Types:
    – Positive Feedback, aka Regenerative
    Feedback
    – Negative Feedback, aka Degenerative
    Feedback
    Feedback
    Feedback

    A
    Af 
    1  A
    Where: AF – gain with feedback, closed loop gain
    A – open loop gain
    A – open loop gain
     - feedback factor
    Feedback
    Feedback

     If A > 0
    – AF < A
    – Negative Feedback
     If A < 1
    – AF > A
    – Positive Feedback
    Negative Feedback

     Properties:
    – Gain Desensitivity
    – Noise Reduction
    – Non-linear Distortion Reduction
    – Increased bandwidth
    – Effect on Input Impedance
    – Effect on Output Impedance
    Negative Feedback

     Basic Topologies
    – Series-Shunt
    – Shunt-Series
    – Series-Series
    – Shunt-Shunt
    Types of Amplifier

     Based on Feedback Topology


    – Voltage Amplifier
    – Current Amplifier
    – Transconductance Amplifier
    – Transresistance Amplifier
    Types of Amplifier

     Based on Frequency Response


    – Audio Amplifier
     15 Hz – 20kHz
    – RF Amplifier
     10kHz – 100,000MHz
    – Video Amplifier
     10Hz – 6MHz

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