Chapter - 3 Part A

Chapter 3.
0 : Convection
Introduction
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
UiTM Pasir Gudang
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Learning Outcomes
When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain the physical mechanism of convection, and its classification.
2. Describe the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
3. Define dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt number.
4. Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows.
5. Evaluate the convection coefficients in external flow.
6. Evaluate the heat transfer associated with flow over a flat plate for both laminar and turbulent
flow.
7. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient for flow over a cylinder and sphere.
8. Determine the pressure drop and the average heat transfer coefficient associated with flow
across a tube bank for both in-line and staggered configurations.
9. Explain the different flow regions in internal flow, such as the entry and the fully developed
flow regions, and calculate hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths.
10. Discuss heating and cooling of a fluid flowing in a tube under constant surface temperature
and constant surface heat flux conditions, and work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference.
• Conduction and convection are similar
in that both mechanisms require the
presence of a material medium.
• But they are different in that
convection requires the presence of
fluid motion.
• Heat transfer through a liquid or gas
can be by conduction or convection,
depending on the presence of any bulk
fluid motion.
• The fluid motion enhances heat
transfer, since it brings warmer and
cooler chunks of fluid into contact,
initiating higher rates of conduction at
a greater number of sites in a fluid.
• We turn on the fan on hot
summer days to help our
body cool more effectively.
The higher the fan speed,
the better we feel.
• We stir our soup and blow
on a hot slice of pizza to
make them cool faster.
• The air on windy winter
days feels much colder
than it actually is.
• The simplest solution to
heating problems in
electronics packaging is to
use a large enough fan.
4
Convection heat transfer strongly depends on the fluid properties
dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat, as
well as the fluid velocity. It also depends on the geometry and the
roughness of the solid surface, in addition to the type of fluid flow
(such as being streamlined or turbulent).
Newton’s
law of
cooling
Convection heat transfer coefficient, h: The rate of heat

transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface
area per unit temperature difference. 5
All experimental observations indicate that a fluid in motion
comes to a complete stop at the surface and assumes a zero
velocity relative to the surface (no-slip).
The no-slip condition is
responsible for the development
of the velocity profile.
The flow region adjacent
to the wall in which the
viscous effects (and thus
the velocity gradients) are
significant is called the A fluid flowing over a stationary surface
boundary layer. comes to a complete stop at the surface
because of the no-slip condition.
An implication of the no-slip condition is that heat transfer from the
solid surface to the fluid layer adjacent to the surface is by pure
conduction, since the fluid layer is motionless, and can be expressed
as
(6-3)
The determination of the convection heat transfer coefficient when

the temperature distribution within the fluid is known
(6-4)
The convection heat transfer coefficient, in general, varies along the flow
direction.
In convection studies, it is common practice to nondimensionalize the
governing equations and combine the variables, which group together into
dimensionless numbers in order to reduce the number of total variables.
Nusselt number: Dimensionless convection heat transfer coefficient
Lc characteristic length
The Nusselt number represents the

enhancement of heat transfer through a
fluid layer as a result of convection relative
to conduction across the same fluid layer.
The larger the Nusselt number, the more
effective the convection.
Heat transfer through a fluid A Nusselt number of Nu = 1 for a fluid layer
layer of thickness L and represents heat transfer across the layer by
temperature difference T. pure conduction. 8
Example
Example
• Viscous versus inviscid regions of flow
• Internal versus external flow
• Compressible versus incompressible flow
• Laminar versus turbulent flow (Re)
• Natural (or unforced) versus forced flow
• Steady versus unsteady flow
• One-, two-, and three-dimensional flows
• Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate.
x-coordinate: along the plate surface
y-coordinate: perpendicular from the surface in the normal direction.
• The fluid approaches the plate in the x-direction with a uniform velocity V.
• Because of the no-slip condition V(y=0)=0.
• The presence of the plate is felt up to  (delta).
(delta)
• Beyond δ the free-stream velocity remains essentially unchanged.
• The fluid velocity, u, varies from 0 at y=0 to nearly V at y= .
Velocity boundary layer: The region of the flow above the plate bounded by  in
which the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt.
The boundary layer thickness, , is typically defined as the distance y from the
surface at which u = 0.99V.
The hypothetical line of u = 0.99V divides the flow over a plate into two regions:
Boundary layer region: The viscous effects and the velocity changes are significant.
Irrotational flow region: The frictional effects are negligible and the velocity remains
essentially constant.
13
13
• Like the velocity, a thermal boundary layer
develops when a fluid at a specified
temperature flows over a surface that is at a
different temperature.
• Consider the flow of a fluid at
uniform temperature of T∞ over an
isothermal flat plate at temperature Ts.
• The fluid particles in the layer
adjacent is the surface temperature Ts.
• A temperature profile develops that ranges
from Ts at the surface to T∞ sufficiently far from
the surface.
Thermal boundary layer on
Thermal Boundary Layer : the flow region a flat plate (the fluid is hotter
over the surface in which the temperature than the plate surface).
variation in the direction normal to the
surface is significant.
• The thickness of the thermal
boundary layer t at any location
along the surface is defined as the
distance from the surface at which
the temperature difference
T(y=t)-Ts= 0.99(T∞-Ts).
• The thickness of the thermal
boundary layer increases in the flow
direction.
• The convection heat transfer rate
anywhere along the surface is
Thermal boundary layer on
directly related to the temperature a flat plate (the fluid is hotter
gradient at that location. than the plate surface).
• The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layers is best described by the dimensionless
parameter Prandtl number, defined as
Molecular diffusivity of momentum   c p
Pr   
Molecular diffusivity of heat  k
• Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr«1) (6-12)
and very slowly in oils (Pr»1) relative to momentum.
• Consequently the thermal boundary layer is much
thicker for liquid metals and much thinner for oils
relative to the velocity boundary layer.
• Laminar flow ─ the flow is
characterized by smooth streamlines
and highly-ordered motion.
• Turbulent flow ─ the flow is
characterized by velocity
fluctuations and
highly-disordered motion.
• The transition from laminar
to turbulent flow does not
occur suddenly.
• The velocity profile in turbulent flow is much fuller than that in
laminar flow, with a sharp drop near the surface.
• The turbulent boundary layer can be considered to consist of
four regions:
– Viscous sublayer ,Buffer layer, Overlap layer, Turbulent layer
• The intense mixing in turbulent flow enhances heat and
momentum transfer, which increases the friction force on the
surface and the convection heat transfer rate.
• The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface
geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of
fluid.
• The flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of the inertia forces to viscous
forces in the fluid.
• This ratio is called the Reynolds number, which is expressed for external flow
as
Inertia forces VLc VLc
Re    (6-13)
Viscous forces  
• At large Reynolds numbers (turbulent flow) the inertia forces are large
relative to the viscous forces.
• At small or moderate Reynolds numbers (laminar flow), the viscous forces are
large enough to suppress these fluctuations and to keep the fluid “inline.”
• Critical Reynolds number ─ the Reynolds number at which the flow becomes
turbulent. For flat plate, Re = 5 X 105
Examples
Exercise

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Chapter 3.

Convection heat transfer coefficient, h: The rate of heat

The determination of the convection heat transfer coefficient when

The Nusselt number represents the

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