INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRONICS
 WELDING
The process of joining metals
usually by heat or sometimes
with pressure and sometimes
with an intermediate or filter
material with high melting point.
 I. WELDING SYSTEMS
1. BASIC INTERVALS
a. Squeeze Interval
b. Weld Interval
c. Hold Interval
d. Release
e. Standby Interval
2. POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES
a. Arc Welding
 TIG Welding
 MIG Welding
b. Solid State Welding
c. Resistance Welding
 Spot Welding
 Seam Welding
 Upset Welding
 BASIC INTERVALS

a. SQUEEZE INTERVAL
Welding electrode comes
forward and engage the
metal pressing against the
surface.
Typical squeeze time is 1
sec.
 BASIC INTERVALS

b. WELD INTERVAL
Welding transformer is
energized, current flows
and creates a weld.
On heat subinterval is a
condition when the current
is on.
On cool subinterval is when
the current is off
Typical duration (2-10 sec).
 BASIC INTERVALS

c. HOLD INTERVAL
Weld interval is finished.
Electrode pressure is
maintained.
d. RELEASE
Welding electrode is retracted.

e. STANDBY INTERVAL
The time after release interval
to the next start sequence.
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

a. ARC WELDING
It is simply the use of electric
arc to provide heat.
Process of utilizing the
concentrated heat of an
electric arc to join metal by
fusion of the parent metal and
the addition of metal to joint
usually provided by a
consumable electrode.
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

a.ARC WELDING
Either direct or alternating
current may be used for the arc,
depending upon the material to
be welded and the electrode used.
Various forms of arc welding
includes electroslag welding,
plasma arc welding, gas metal arc
welding, submerged arc welding,
gas tungsten arc welding, etc.
ARC WELDING MACHINE
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

TIG WELDING
Gas tungsten arc welding
An arc is formed between a
non-consumable tungsten
electrode and the metal
being welded.
Some of its benefits includes
superior quality welds,
precise control of heat, free
of splatter and low distortion.
TIG WELDING
GTAW Weld Area
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

MIG WELDING
Gas metal arc welding
Commonly used high deposition
rate welding process
Referred to as a semiautomatic
welding process
Benefits include all position
capability, long weld can be
made without start and stops
and minimal post weld cleaning
is required.
GAS METAL ARC WELDING
GMAW WELD AREA
1) Direction of Travel
2) Contact Tube
3) Electrode
4) Shielding Gas
5) Molten Weld Metal
6) Solidified Weld Metal
7) Workpiece
 
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

b.SOLID STATE WELDING

Group of welding processes
which produces coalescence at
temperatures essentially below
the melting point of the base
materials being joined, without
the addition of brazing filler
metal.
Pressure may or may not be
used.
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

b.SOLID STATE WELDING

Sometimes called solid state
bonding processes.
Includes cold welding,
diffusion welding, explosion
welding, forge welding,
friction welding, hot pressure
welding, roll welding, and
ultrasonic welding
SOLID STATE WELDING MACHINES
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

c. RESISTANCE WELDING
Uses the application of electric
current and mechanical pressure to
create a weld between two pieces
of metal.
Weld electrodes conduct the
electric current to the two pieces of
metal as they are forged together.
Some of its benefits include high
speed, easily automated, suitable
for high rate production and it is
economical.
RESISTANCE WELDING
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

SPOT WELDING
Resistance welding in which
the weld is produced by the
heat obtained at the
interface between the work
pieces.
SPOT WELDS
RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

SEAM WELDING
Spots are very closed to
each other that they
overlap and make a
continuous seam weld.
SEAM WELDING MACHINE
 POPULAR WELDING PROCESSES

UPSET WELDING
Resistance welding process
applicable to small welding
areas.
 UPSET WELDING MACHINE

UPSET MOTION
 REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. The time between the first
application of electrode force
and the first application of
welding current.
a. Squeeze time
b. Weld time
c. Hold time
d. Off period
2. Process wherein coalescence is
produced by the heat obtained
from the resistance of the
workpiece to the flow of low
voltage, high density electric
current in a circuit.
a. Forge welding
b. Resistance welding
c. Ultrasonic welding
d. LBW
3. Time when electrode force is
applied but the current is shut
off.
a. Off period
b. Hold time
c. Squeeze time
d. Weld time
4. The time when electrode force
is released.
a. Hold time
b. Squeeze time
c. Off period
d. Weld time
5. The fusion of the grain structure
of materials.
a. Forge
b. Weld
c. Recombination
d. Coalescence
6. Time when current is applied
to the workpiece.
a. Weld time
b. Squeeze time
c. Hold time
d. Off period
7. Heat in resistance welding is
produced by the following factors
except one
a. Time duration
b. Current
c. Electrical resistance
d. Pressure applied
8. Resistance welding machine
component that holds the
workpieces.
a. Electrical circuit
b. Electrode system
c. Mechanical system
d. None of the above
9. Resistance spot welding (RSW)
machine type that is controlled by
hydraulic cylinders.
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder
10.Machine component made up of
the transformer and the current
regulator.
a. Control system
b. Electrical system
c. Electrode system
d. Mechanical system
11.Welder machine with capacities
up to 500 kVa
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder
12.Regulates the time of the welding
cycle.
a. Electrode
b. Current regulator
c. Control system
d. Mechanical system
13.Welding machine use for large
workpieces.
a. Miniature welders
b. Rocker-arm welder
c. Press-type welder
d. Portable spot welder
14.Another name for hammer welding
a. Fusion welding
b. RW
c. Maul welding
d. Forge welding
15.Referred to as a
localized coalescence
a. Weld
b. Mold
c. Cast
d. Metal
16.Part of the welding electric circuit
that is used to produce high
amperage current at low voltages.
a. Capacitor
b. Voltage regulator
c. Transformer
d. The secondary circuit
17.The overlapped RSW.
a. RSEW (Resistance Seam Welding)
b. ORSW
c. OSW
d. USW
18.Spot welding are most commonly
used in
a. Ships
b. Automobiles
c. Airplanes
d. Rafts
19.The last step in welding time
control.
a. Off period
b. Weld time
c. Squeeze time
d. Hold time
20.The relative maximum workpiece
thickness where spot welding can
be used.
a. 0.5 in
b. 1 in.
c. 1.5 in.
d. 0.25 in.
21.Resistance welding was developed
by this man in and revolutionized
the welding industry.
a. Isaac Asimov
b. Karel Capek
c. Thomas Seebeck
d. Elihu Thomson
22.The year when resistance welding
was discovered.
a. 1935
b. 1798
c. 1886
d. 1945
23.It is the fusion or growing of
the materials being together.
a. Coalition
b. Coincidence
c. Coalescense
d. Mixing
24.Arc welding requires a voltage
around _______.
a. 60 – 100 V
b. 150 -200 V
c. 400 – 440 V
d. 1000 – 5000 V
25.During arc welding, the
current is in the range of
_______.
a. 1–5A
b. 5 – 50 A
c. 50 – 400 A
d. 500 – 4000 A
26.The body structure of the car
is welded by ______.
a. Gas welding
b. Spot welding
c. Induction welding
d. Arc welding
27.For inspection of welding defects
in thick metals, which of the
following ray is used to
photograph thick metals objects?
a. Gamma rays
b. Cosmic rays
c. Infrared rays
d. Ultraviolet rays
II.INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC DEVICES
1. ELECTRON TUBES
a. Thyratron
b. Ignitron
2. THYRISTOR
a. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
b. Triac
3. BREAK-OVER DEVICES
a. Shockley Diode
b. Silicon Unilateral Switch
c. DIAC
d. Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS)
e. Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
f. Gate Turn Off Switch
g. Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
h. Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
 ELECTRON TUBES

a. THYRATRON
A gas filled triode
used as an electrode
switch.

Giant GE Hydrogen Thyratron,

used in pulse radars
 ELECTRON TUBES
b. IGNITRON
Electron tube containing
mercury and function as a
rectifier.

IGNITRON
1. Anode
2. Cathode
3. Ignitor
4. Mercury
5. Ceramic Insulators
6. Cooling Fluid
 THYRISTOR
Solid state devices used as a switch
in applications that handles larger
voltage and currents.
Have at least four semiconductor
layers.
Regenerative switching devices and
cannot operate in linear manner.
 THYRISTOR
SILICON CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER (SCR)
Most commonly used thyristor.
Three-terminal device used to
control large currents to a load.
Four layer semiconductor
device usually used in relay
controls, time delay circuits,
regulated power supply and
phase controls.
SCR Basic Construction and
Equivalent Circuit

SCHEMATIC
SYMBOL
SCR
SCR CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
 THYRISTOR

VBR - BREAK-OVER VOLTAGE

Voltage through which SCR
starts to conduct when gate
current is zero.

IH - HOLDING CURRENT
Anode current between the
conducting state and non-
conducting state.
SCR GATE CHARACTERISTICS
SCR is fired by a short burst of current
into the gate typically 0.1 – 50 mA.

SCR’S CONDUCTION ANGLE (CA)

The angular degrees of an AC cycle
during which the SCR is turned on.

SCR’S FIRING DELAY ANGLE

(FDA)
Angular degrees of an AC cycle that
elapses before SCR is turned on.
Turning ON an SCR
Apply enough gate triggering
current.
Apply anode voltage equal to
break-over voltage.

Turning OFF an SCR

Anode current interruption
Forced commutation
 THYRISTOR
b.TRIAC
Triode AC
A three-terminal device used to
control the average current flow to a
load.
Can conduct current in either
direction when it is turned on so it is
called a bidirectional triode
thyristor.
Acts like two SCR’s connected in
inverse parallel so that each SCR
conducts alternately for every half
cycle of an AC signal.
Gated DIAC
TRIAC Schematic and Construction Diagram
TRIAC
 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF TRIAC
1. Maximum Allowable Main Terminal
RMS Current
1 A, 3 A, 6 A, 10 A, 15 A and 25 A
2. Breakdown Voltage
Highest main terminal peak voltage
the triac can block in either direction
typically 100 V, 200 V, 400 V and 600
V
3. On Stage Voltage Across the
Terminals
Ideal value is 0 V
Typical value is 1-2 V
ADVANTAGES OF TRIAC OVER
MECHANICAL SWITCHES
No contact bounce

No arcing across partially opened contacts

Operates much faster

More precise control element

BREAK-OVER DEVICES
Small thyristors which do not
switch the main load current.
Useful as triggering devices.
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

a. SHOCKLEY DIODE
A 4-layer diode constructed
like an SCR but without gate
terminal.
Unilateral triggering device for
SCR.
SHOCKLEY DIODE Schematic Symbol and
Construction Diagram
SHOCKLEY DIODE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
ADVANTAGES OF SHOCKLEY DIODE
OVER SCR

Relatively independent of temperature.

Break-over voltage can be held

consistent from one unit to another.
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

b. SILICON UNILATERAL
SWITCH
Solid-state device that
provides a positive pulse.
Also a 4-layer diode with a
typical break-over voltage
of 8 volts.
In terms of firing, it has
faster rate than Shockley
diode.
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

c. SILICON BILATERAL
SWITCH (SBS)
A bilateral or bidirectional
break-over device.
Two SUS connected back
to back in parallel.
Popular in low voltage
trigger control circuits.
Has lower break-over
voltages than diacs.
ADVANTAGES OF SBS’S OVER DIACS

More vigorous switching characteristics

More temperature stable

 BREAK-OVER DEVICES
d. DIAC
Diode AC
Constructed like a TRIAC but
without a gate terminal
Used as a trigger for TRIAC
circuits
Bilateral trigger diode
Symmetrical trigger diode
because its break-over
voltage is close ±32 volts
DIAC AND ITS SYMBOL
DIAC CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

e. SILICON CONTROLLED
SWITCH (SCS)
SCS turn off time is 1-10 µsec.
The higher the anode gate
current, the lower the required
anode to cathode voltage to
turn on device on.
To turn on the device, a
negative pulse must be applied
to the anode gate terminal
while a positive pulse is
required to turn off the device.
ADVANTAGES OF SCS OVER SCR

Reduced turn off time

Increased control and triggering sensitivity for a

more predictable firing situation.
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES
f. GATE TURN OFF SWITCH

Thyristors:
(a) Cross-section,
(b) silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) symbol,
(c) gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) symbol
ADVANTAGES OF GATE TURN
OFF SWITCH (GTO)

Can be turned on or off by applying

the proper pulse to the cathode
gate, required gate current for
triggering is 20 mA.

Improve switching characteristics

with a turn on time of 1 µsec and
turn off time of 1 µsec.
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES

g. UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR
(UJT)
Break-over type switching device
Double-based diode
Semiconductor device consisting
of thin silicon bar on which a PN
junction acting as emitter is
formed near one end
Operates in the negative
resistance region
UJT Symbol and Characteristic Curve
 APPLICATIONS OF UJT

Timers

Oscillators

Gate control circuits for SCRs and triacs

INTRINSIC STAND-OFF RATIO (ŋ)

ŋ = RB1 / (RB1 + RB2)

INTERBASE RESISTANCE

RB2 + RB1 = RBB

FIRING POTENTIAL
Necessary to fire the UJT.
Equal or greater than voltage
across emitter and base1.

Vp = ŋVBB + Vdiode
 BREAK-OVER DEVICES
h. PROGRAMMABLE
UNIJUNCTION
TRANSISTOR (PUT)
Similar operating characteristics
as UJT
Programmable because the
internal resistances of UJT are
external for PUT and can be
selected to a certain desired
response.
 Anode
Anode

Gate P
N Gate
P
N

Cathode Cathode

Symbol and PUT Construction

 REVIEW
QUESTIONS
28. Referred to a bidirectional
trigger diode.
a. Triac
b. UJT
c. BJT
d. Diac
29. Voltage required to turn on
any thyristor.
a. Trigger voltage
b. Breakover voltage
c. Barrier voltage
d. Supply voltage
30. Also known as a four-layer
diode.
a. Diac
b. Shockley diode
c. Zener diode
d. FET
31. The thyristor counterpart of
the unijunction transistor.
a. UJT
b. PUT
c. SBS
d. SCS
32. Minimum current required to
keep a thyristor “on”.
a. Holding current
b. Trigger current
c. Supply current
d. Collector current
33.A unidirectional-three terminal
device, the most popular of
thyristors.
a. SCS
b. Triac
c. UJT
d. SCR
34. The angle of an AC supply
voltage during which an SCR is
“off”.
a. Conduction angle
b. Firing delay angle
c. Right angle
d. Off angle
35.Thyristors are most often used as
a. Switches
b. Amplifiers
c. Buffers
d. Decoders
36.The total internal series resistance
of the UJT.
a. Bulk’s resistance
b. Total resistance
c. Interbase resistance
d. RIS
37.The most popular and typical
breakover voltage of a diac.
a. 32 V
b. 16 V
c. 8V
d. 4V
38.The peak voltage of a PUT is
a. VD + VBB
b. VG + VBB
c. VD + VG
d. VBB
39.A UJT has η = 0.65 and is
connected to a 20 V supply. What
is its VEB1?
a. 12 V
Solution:
b. 13.6 V VEB1 = VD + η VS
c. 12.7 V = 0.6 V + 0.65 (20 V)
= 13.6 V
d. 14 V
40.The three terminal semiconductor
device that acts in either direction.
a. Triac
b. SCR
c. Diac
d. SCS
41.The P of PUT stands for
a. Programmable
b. Performance
c. Peak
d. Post
42.The terminals of a UJT are
a. Gate, Anode, Cathode
b. Anode, Cathode
c. Emitter, Base
d. Emitter, Base1, Base2
43.The lowest current that can
prevent the transition of a
UJT from conduction to
blocking region.
a. Switching current
b. Emitter current
c. Valley current
d. Peak current
44.The SCS has how many gate
terminals?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
45.What device has two terminals
connected in inverse-parallel that
pass in two directions?
a. Triac
b. Diac
c. Shockley
d. SCR
46.What is the breakover voltage of
a PUT if it is connected to a 15 V
supply across the gate terminal?
a. 10.7 V
b. 23.7 V Solution:
VP = VD + VG
c. 15.7 V = 0.7 V + 15 V
d. 5.3 V =15.7 V
47.The gap between the forward
blocking region and the forward
conduction region.
a. Band gap
b. Switching region
c. Jump gap
d. Negative resistance region
48.The cathode of the PUT is the
counterpart of which terminal in
UJT?
a. Anode
b. Base2
c. Emitter
d. Base1
49.An electronic switch that
has the highest single device
current capacity and can
withstand overloads better.
a. Thyratrons
b. Ignitrons
c. SCR
d. Triac
50. Group of devices with 4 or
more semiconductor layers.
a. Transistors
b. Diodes
c. Thyristors
d. Op-Amps
51.Identify which of the
following is a three layer
device.
a. SCS
b. Diac
c. Triac
d. PUT
52.What device can be modeled
by a diode and two resistors?
a. BJT
b. DIAC
c. SCR
d. UJT
53.A junction that is formed by
adding controlled amounts of
an impurity to the melt
during crystal growth is
termed as
a. Fused junction
b. Unijunction
c. Alloy junction
d. Doped junction
54.A triac is a ______.
a. 2 terminal switch
b. 2 terminal bilateral switch
c. 3 terminal unilateral switch
d. 3 terminal bidirectional switch
55.A thyristor equivalent of a
thyratron tube is _____.
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SCR
d. PUT
56.Which of the following
describes a triac?
a. Conducts when not triggered
b. Conducts when not triggered in
both directions
c. Conducts when triggered in one
direction
d. Conducts when triggered in both
direction
57.Minimum anode current to hold
a thyristor at conduction.
a. Trigger
b. Maintaining current
c. Holding current
d. Threshold voltage
58.General term for semiconductor
devices primarily used as switches.
a. Shockley
b. Thyratron
c. Thyristor
d. Relay
59. A two-terminal, unidirectional
thyristor.
a. DIAC
b. Shockley
c. TRIAC
d. Diode
60.A thyristor is basically ______.
a. PNPN device
b. A combination of diac and triac
c. A set of SCRs
d. A set of SCR, diac and triac
61.What is the PNPN device with
two gates?
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SUS
d. SCS
62.Which device incorporates a
terminal for synchronizing
purposes?
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SUS
d. SCR
63.An SCR is a _______.
a. Unijunction device
b. Device with three junctions
c. Device with four junctions
d. Device with two junctions
64.A thyristor can be turned off
a. By reducing the anode current below
the holding current value
b. By reversing the anode voltage
c. Either a or b
d. Both a and b
65.Minimum duration of pulse
triggering system for
thyristors is ________.
a. At least 10 microseconds
b. At least 30 milliseconds
c. At least 10 milliseconds
d. At least 1 second
66.A device that cannot be
triggered by voltage of either
polarity is ________.
a. Diac
b. Triac
c. SCS
d. All of the above
67.Technically, what is dicing
means?
a. Process of joining two diacs
b. Circuit of reducing noise
c. Device for reducing magnetic and
radio interference
d. Process of breaking the silicon slice
into chips
68.The term used to describe the
process whereby two
transistors with positive
feedback are used to simulate
the action of the thyristor.
a. Arcing
b. Latching
c. Damping
d. Switching
69.It is the minimum anode current
to hold a thyristor at conduction.
a. Trigger
b. Maintaining current
c. Holding current
d. Threshold voltage
70.Electron tube containing mercury
functioning as a rectifier.
a. Thyratron
b. Ignitron
c. Thyrector
d. SCR
71.How do you stop the conduction
during which the SCR is also
conducting?
a. Remove voltage gate
b. Increase cathode voltage
c. Interrupt anode current
d. Reduce gate curent
72.A series RC connected in parallel
with an SCR to eliminate false
triggering is the _______.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator
73.Which are the three terminals
of a TRIAC?
a. Gate, anode1 and anode2
b. Gate, source and sink
c. Base, emitter and collector
d. Emitter, base1 and base2
74.The term used to describe the
process whereby two
transistors with positive
feedback are used to simulate
the action of the thyristor.
a. Arcing
b. Latching
c. Damping
d. Switching
75.The minimum emitter to base
voltage to trigger the UJT is the
________.
a. Forward breakover voltage
b. Trigger
c. Breakdown voltage
d. Peak voltage
76.The ratio of the emitter to
base1 resistance to the interbase
resistance of a UJT is called
________.
a. Aspect ratio
b. Current gain
c. Voltage gain
d. Intrinsic standoff ratio
77.For a UJT, it is the region
between the peak and valley
points as seen in its
characteristics curve.
a. Active region
b. Negative resistance region
c. Trigger region
d. Saturation region
78.This device is two zener diodes
connected back to back in series
and is used to support voltage
surges and transients.
a. Thyristor
b. Varactor
c. Thyrector
d. Phanatron
79.Refers to the number of degrees
of an AC cycle during which the
SCR is turned on.
a. Conduction angle
b. Firing delay angle
c. Induction angle
d. ON angle
80. A four-element solid state device
that combines the characteristics
of a both diodes and transistors.
a. Varactor
b. Zener diode
c. Tunnel diode
d. SCR
81. Electron tube equivalent to solid
state SCR.
a. Triode
b. VTVM
c. CRT
d. Thyratron
82. Find the two stable operating
conditions of an SCR.
a. Conducting and non-conducting
b. Oscillating and quiescent
c. NPN conduction and PNP conduction
d. Forward conducting and reverse
conducting
83. How do you stop conduction
during which SCR is also
conducting?
a. Remove voltage gate
b. Increase cathode voltage
c. Interrupt anode current
d. Reduce gate current
84. When an SCR is triggered or on
conducting, its electrical
characteristics are similar to
what other solid-state device (as
measured between its cathode
and anode)?
a. The junction diode
b. The varactor diode
c. The tunnel diode
d. The hotcarrier diode
85. Which of the following does not
have a base terminal?
a. UJT
b. PNP
c. SCR
d. NPN
86. A series RC circuit that is
connected in parallel with
an SCR to eliminate false
triggering.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator
87. A circuit that protects a sensitive
circuit from a sudden increase in
supply voltage.
a. Crowbar
b. Snubber
c. Varistor
d. Eliminator
88. A two-terminal, bidirectional
thyristor.
a. DIAC
b. Shockley
c. TRIAC
d. Diode
89. A DIAC is equivalent to inverse
parallel combination of
a. Shockley diodes
b. Schottky
c. BJT
d. SCR’s
90. A TRIAC is equivalent to inverse
parallel combination of
a. Shockley
b. Schottky
c. BJT
d. SCR’s
91. Which are the three terminals of a
TRIAC?
a. Gate, anode1 and anode2
b. Gate, source and sink
c. Base, emitter and collector
d. Emitter, base1 and base2
92. Which device can be modeled
by a diode and two resistors?
a. BJT
b. DIAC
c. SCR
d. UJT
93. The minimum emitter to base 1
voltage to trigger the UJT.
a. Forward breakover voltage
b. Trigger
c. Breakdown voltage
d. Peak voltage
94. The ratio of the emitter to base1
resistance to the interbase
resistance of a UJT.
a. Aspect ratio
b. Current gain
c. Voltage gain
d. Intrinsic standoff ratio
95. For UJT, it is the region between
the peak and valley points.
a. Active region
b. Negative resistance region
c. Trigger region
d. Saturation region
96. Typical breakover voltage of
an SBS.
a. 2V
b. 4V
c. 8V
d. 16 V
97. The trigger current is applied
to the…
a. Anode
b. Gate
c. Cathode
d. Base
98. The region where breakover
voltage of the SBS drops to 1
V instantaneously.
a. Falldown region
b. Fallback region
c. Breakback region
d. Breakdown region
99. The ratio of RB1 and RBB is called
a. Intrinsic standoff ratio
b. Reuber’s ratio
c. Common mode rejection ratio
d. Cat’s ratio
 CONTROL SYSTEM

a. OPEN LOOP CONTROL

SYSTEM
Controlled directly by an input
signal.
It has no feedback and therefore
less accurate.
Usually requires an operator to
control the speed and direction
of movement of the output.
 CONTROL SYSTEM

b. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

SYSTEM
Can respond and move loads
quickly.
With greater accuracy.
Has an automatic feedback
system that informs the input
the desired movement has
taken place.
SERVO SYSTEM
Classified as closed-loop system

BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

Normally made up of
electromechanical parts and
consists of a synchro control
system, servo amplifier and
feedback.
 BASIC SERVO SET-UP

INPUT CONTROL AMP MOTOR LOAD

FEEDBACK
 BASIC SERVO SYSTEM
a. POSITION SERVO
Control the position of the load.
In AC position servo, the
amplitude and phase of the AC
error signal determine the amount
and direction the load will be
driven.
In the DC position servo system,
the amplitude and polarity of the
DC error signal are used to
determine the amount and
direction of the load will be driven.
Potentiometer is one of the
simplest position sensor device
and is generally used because of
its small size, high accuracy and
output which can either be AC or
DC.
Balanced potentiometer in a
closed loop servo system is a
voltage divider that functions as
a position sensor and produces
the error voltage that is fed to
the servo amplifier.
LINEAR POSITION SERVO
 BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

b. VELOCITY SERVO
Same principle of error signal
generation as position servo
except that the velocity is being
sensed rather than the position.
 BASIC SERVO SYSTEM

c. ACCELERATION SERVO
Similar to velocity and position
servos except that the
acceleration of the load is
being sensed rather than
position or velocity.
The tachometer of the velocity
loop is replaced with an
accelerometer.
HIGH ACCELERATION SERVO
DAMPING
Used to stabilize a system
to minimize or eliminate the
problem of overshot.
 DAMPING CONDITIONS

UNDERDAMPED
Provides instant response to an
error signal but results in the load
oscillating about the point of
synchronism.
OVERDAMPED
Takes as excessive amount of
time to reach synchronization.
OVERDAMPED
UNDERDAMPED
 TIME LAG
Servo characteristics defined as
the time between the input of the
signal and the actual movement of
the load.
Undesirable and is reduce with the
use of high gain amplifiers.
Damping systems are added to
smoothen the operation.
 SERVO DEVICES
a. AC SERVO MOTORS
Used in servo systems that
move light loads.
 SERVO DEVICES
b. DC SERVO MOTORS
Control heavy loads and are
widely used in servo systems.
 SERVO DEVICES
c. E-TRANSFORMER
Magnetic error detector that
can be used in systems limited
by large angular movements.

CROSSED E-TRANSFORMER
 SERVO DEVICES
d. MODULATORS
Used to change a DC error
signal into an AC input error
signal for servo amplifiers.

e. DEMODULATORS
Convert AC error signal to DC
error signal.
Drive a DC servo amplifier.
 SERVO DEVICES
f. MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS
Used when power from a
conventional servo amplifier is
too small to drive a large servo
motors.
 SERVO DEVICES
g. RATE GENERATOR
Tachometer
Used in the velocity servo loop.

PRECISION RATE GENERATOR

 SERVO DEVICES
h. SERVO AMPLIFIER
Used in AC or DC servo system.
Must have a flat gain, minimum
phase shift and low noise level.

DIGITAL SERVO AMPLIFIER

 V. GYRO
GYROSCOPE
Applied to any rapidly spinning
object.
A functional gyroscope is
constructed and mounted.
RATE GYROS are specially
mounted so they are free to
precess in only one direction
and are used to measure
angular rates.
GYROSCOPE
 PROPERTIES OF GYROS
1. RIGIDITY
Tendency of a spinning wheel
to remain in fixed position in
space.

Factors that Affect Rigidity

a. Weight
b. Shape
c. Speed of rotation of the rotor
 PROPERTIES OF GYROS
2. PRECESSION
Property of a gyro that causes it
to tilt in a direction perpendicular
to the direction of any outside
force.
The direction of precession in a
gyro is always 90° from the
direction of the applied force.
COMPONENTS OF A
UNIVERSALLY MOUNTED
GYRO
1. Rotor
2. Inner Gimbal
3. Outer Gimbal
4. Base
 REVIEW
QUESTIONS
100.It is a system in which a
precise movement of a large
load is controlled by a relatively
weak control signal.
a. Synchro
b. Servo
c. Gyro
d. Motor
101.It is the name given to the
electrical output of the control
transformer.
a. Error signal
b. Correct signal
c. Differential signal
d. Error free signal
102.In a servo system, there
are series of overshoots which
are known as ______.
a. Eating
b. Climbing
c. Hunting
d. Resting
103.This principle stabilizes
a system to minimize the
problem of overshoot.
a. Clamping
b. Fanning
c. Damping
d. Lagging
104.It is the property of gyro
causing it to tilt in a direction
perpendicular to the direction
of any outside force.
a. Recession
b. Tecession
c. Precession
d. Post session
105.It is the tendency of a
spinning wheel to remain in
fixed position in space.
a. Mobility
b. Rigidity
c. Accuracy
d. Alternativity
106.A universally mounted
gyro has how many
gimbals?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
107.In what direction will a gyro
precess in response to an outside
force?
a. Perpendicular to the force
b. Perpendicular to the spin axis
c. Parallel to the force
d. Parallel to the spin axis
108.How many degrees of
freedom does a rate gyro
usually have?
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
109.What gyro characteristics
provide the basis for the
operation of rate gyro?
a. Decision
b. Precession
c. Weight
d. Spin
110.What is defined as a device that
gives an indication usually in the
form of a voltage that is
proportional to the acceleration to
which it is subjected?
a. Inertia meter
b. Accelerometer
c. Speedometer
d. Voltmeter
 HAPPY
REVIEW!