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    Imperfections and Diffusion

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    Shayan ALi
    This document discusses various types of defects in solids, including line defects like edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and mixed dislocations, as well as interfacial defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. It also covers the mechanisms of diffusion in solids, such as vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and substitution diffusion. Diffusion allows for processes like surface hardening through carbon diffusion into iron and doping of semiconductors.

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    Imperfections and Diffusion

    Uploaded by

    Shayan ALi
    11 views17 pages
    This document discusses various types of defects in solids, including line defects like edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and mixed dislocations, as well as interfacial defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. It also covers the mechanisms of diffusion in solids, such as vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and substitution diffusion. Diffusion allows for processes like surface hardening through carbon diffusion into iron and doping of semiconductors.

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    This document discusses various types of defects in solids, including line defects like edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and mixed dislocations, as well as interfacial defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. It also covers the mechanisms of diffusion in solids, such as vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and substitution diffusion. Diffusion allows for processes like surface hardening through carbon diffusion into iron and doping of semiconductors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    11 views17 pages

    Imperfections and Diffusion

    Uploaded by

    Shayan ALi
    This document discusses various types of defects in solids, including line defects like edge dislocations, screw dislocations, and mixed dislocations, as well as interfacial defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. It also covers the mechanisms of diffusion in solids, such as vacancy diffusion, interstitial diffusion, and substitution diffusion. Diffusion allows for processes like surface hardening through carbon diffusion into iron and doping of semiconductors.

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    You are on page 1of 17

    Line Defects

    •
    Edge Dislocation
    •
    Screw Dislocation
    •
    Mixed Dislocation
    Edge Dislocation
    Screw Dislocation
    Mixed Dislocation
    Side View

    Top View
    Interfacial Defects
    External Surface of the
    •

    crystal
    Grain Boundary
    •

    Twin/Tilt Boundary
    •

    Stacking Fault
    •

    Phase Boundary etc.


    •
    Twin Boundary
    •
    Resulting from Mechanical Stress or during heat treatment
    Tilt Boundary Low angle Tilt Boundary
    between grains resulting
    from an array of edge
    dislocation

    Notice that the angle is


    perpendicular to the
    dislocation direction.

    If the angle is parallel to


    Screw Dislocation and the
    boundary will be called
    twist boundary
    10 to 20°
    Chapter 5
    Diffusion in Solids
    Diffusion
    Mass transport by atomic motion
    Atoms are restless

    Mechanism of Diffusion
    Gases & Liquids- random (Brownian) motion
    •

    Solids- Vacancy or interstitial diffusion


    •
    How do atoms move in Solids?
    Diffusion: atoms moving from one lattice site or interstitial site to another in a
    stepwise manner.

    Two conditions are to be met


    -Vacancy at an adjacent site
    -Enough energy to free bonded atom for diffusion

    What is the energy source?


    It is the available Heat
    What drives diffusion in a particular direction?
    C- gradient
    Diffusion
    In an elemental solid, atoms
    • Self-diffusion:
    also migrate.
    Label some atoms After some time

    C
    C

    A D
    A
    D
    B
    B

    11
    Diffusion
    In an alloy, atoms tend to migrate
    • Interdiffusion:
    from regions of high conc. to regions of low conc.
    Initially After some time

    12 12
    How does Diffusion Occur? (I)
    Vacancy Diffusion
    •

    13
    How does Diffusion Occur? (II)
    •
    Interstitial Diffusion

    •
    Much faster than Vacancy, Why?
    1. Smaller atoms like B,H,O,C. Weaker interaction with the larger atom
    2. More Vacant Sites no need to create a vacancy
    How does Diffusion Occur? (III)
    Substitution Diffusion (different atoms diffusing)
    Applies to substitutional impurities
    •

    Atoms exchange with vacancies


    •

    Rate depends on
    •

    -number of vacancies
    -activation energy to exchange
    Process Using Diffusion (1)
    Industrial Application
    Surface of Gear Hardening
    Diffuse Carbon atoms into the host iron atoms at the surface
    •

    Hard to deform
    •

    -C atoms lock planes from Shearing

    Hard to Crack
    •

    -C atoms put the surface in compression


    Processing Using Diffusion
    • Doping silicon with phosphorus for n-type semiconductors:
    • Process: 0.5 mm

    1. Deposit P rich
    layers on surface.
    magnified image of a computer chip
    silicon

    2. Heat it.
    3. Result: Doped light regions: Si atoms
    semiconductor
    regions.

    light regions: Al atoms


    silicon
    Adapted from chapter-opening
    photograph, Chapter 18, Callister 7e. 17

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