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    Presentation:: Bones and Cartilages

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    UsMan Warraich

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    Presentation:: Bones and Cartilages

    Uploaded by

    UsMan Warraich
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    24 views23 pages

    Presentation:: Bones and Cartilages

    Uploaded by

    UsMan Warraich

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    1

    Presentation:

    Bones and cartilages


    Table Of Contents 2

     Defination of Bone

     Grope of Bone skeleton

     Types Of Bones

     Bone Making

     Bone marrow

     Function Of Bone

     Cartilage Define

     Types Of Cartilages
    Defination of Bone 3

     Bone (osseous tissue) is an organ containing


    different types of living tissues.

     Bones are organs that consist primarily of bone


    tissue, also called osseous tissue. Bone
    tissue is a type of connective tissue consisting
    mainly of a collagen matrix that is mineralized
    with calcium and phosphorus crystals. The
    combination of flexible collagen and hard
    mineral crystals makes bone tissue hard
    without making it brittle.
    Groups of Bone skeleton 4
    There are two main types of bone skeleton

    1:- Appendicular skeleton

     The appendicular skeleton is the portion of


    the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that
    support the appendages.

     The appendicular skeleton includes
    the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as
    supporting shoulder girdle pectoral and pelvic girdle.
    5
    1:- Axial skeleton

     The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that


    consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a
    vertebrate.

     In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is


    composed of six parts; the skull (22 bones), the
    ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage,
    sternum and the vertebral column.
    Types Of Bones
    6

    There are five types of bones in the human body based on


    their shape or location

    •Long bone

    •Short bone

    •Flat bone

    •Irregular bone

    •sesamoid
    7
    1:-LONG BONES

    • Long bones are characterized by a shaft that is much longer


    than it is wide and by a rounded head at each end of the shaft.
    • Long bones are made mostly of compact bone, with lesser
    amounts of spongy bone and marrow.
    • Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and
    toes, are long bones.
    8
    2:-SHORT BONES

    • Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and have only a thin


    layer of cortical bone surrounding a spongy bone interior.
    • The bones of the wrists and ankles are short bones.
    9
    3:-FLAT BONES

    • Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two


    parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of
    spongy bone.
    • Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the
    sternum (breast bone).
    10
    4:-IRREGULAR BONES

    • Irregular bones are those that do not fit into any of the above
    categories.
    • They generally consist of thin layers of cortical bone
    surrounding a spongy bone interior.
    • Their shapes are irregular and complicated.
    • Examples of irregular bones include the vertebrae and the
    bones of the pelvis.
    11
    5:-SESAMOID BONES

    • Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons, the


    connective tissues that bind muscles to bones.
    • Sesamoid bones hold tendons farther away from joints
    so the angle of the tendons is increased, thus increasing
    the leverage of muscles.
    • The patella (knee cap) is an example of a sesamoid
    bone.
    Bone Marking
    12

    The functionality of bone markings ranges from


    enabling joints to slide past each other or lock bones in
    place, providing structural support to muscle and
    connective tissue, and providing circumferential
    stabilization and protection to nerves, vessels, and
    connective tissue.
      There are three general classes of bone markings

    • Articulations(joints)
    • Projections
    • Holes 
    Table For Bone Markings
    Marking Description Example 13
    Articulations Where two bones meet Knee joint

    Head Prominent rounded surface Head of femur

    Facet Flat surface Vertebrae

    Condyle Rounded surface Occipital condyles


    Spinous process of the
    Projections Raised markings
    vertebrae
    Protuberance Protruding Chin
    Transverse process of
    Process Prominence feature
    vertebra
    Spine Sharp process Ischial spine

    Tubercle Small, rounded process Tubercle of humerus

    Tuberosity Rough surface Deltoid tuberosity


    Bone Surface Marking 14

    • The Surfaces of Typically show Various Surface markings


    irregular feature. The surface is raised or roughened where
    bands of fascia, ligaments , tendons,or aponeuroses are
    attached to bone.
    • These roughness area not present at birth. They appear at
    puberty and become progressively more obvious during adult
    life.
    Bone Development
    15

    Bone develops by Two main processes

    1:-membranous ossification
    • During intramembranous
    ossification, compact and spongy
    bone develops directly from sheets of
    mesenchymal (undifferentiated)
    connective tissue.
    • The flat bones of the face, most of the
    cranial bones, and the clavicles
    (collarbones) are formed via
    intramembranous ossification.
    16

    2:- endochondral ossification

    • In endochondral ossification, bone


    develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.
    Cartilage does not become bone.
    Instead, cartilage serves as a template
    to be completely replaced by new bone.

    • Endochondral ossification takes much


    longer than intramembranous
    ossification. Bones at the base of the
    skull and long bones form via
    endochondral ossification.
    Bone marrow
    17
    • Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside
    some of your bones, such as your hip and
    thigh bones. It contains stem cells.

    • The stem cells can develop into the red blood


    cells that carry oxygen through your body, the
    white blood cells that fight infections, and the
    platelets that help with blood clotting

    • Bone marrow contains two types of stem cells:


    hemopoietic (which can produce blood cells)
    and stromal (which can produce fat, cartilage
    and bone).

    • There are two types of bone marrow: red


    marrow (also known as myeloid tissue) and
    yellow marrow.
    Function Of Bones
    18

    Bones have many functions, including the following:


    • Support: Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other
    tissues.

    • Protection: Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect internal organs from injury.

    • Movement: Bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of


    attachment for muscles.

    • Mineral storage: Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential


    minerals for various cellular activities throughout the body.

    • Blood cell production: The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the


    red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones.

    • Energy storage: Lipids, such as fats, stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow
    serve as an energy reservoir.
    Cartilage Define
    19

    • Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs


    from bone in several ways. For one, the primary cell
    types are chondrocytes as opposed to osteocytes.
    Chondrocytes are first chondroblast cells that produce
    the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and then get
    caught in the matrix. They lie in spaces called lacunae
    with up to eight chondrocytes located in each.

    • Cartilage is a supple tissue which allows for facial


    movement as well as providing a lightweight
    supportive structure in the external ear, and the tip and
    septum of the nose.

    • In other regions it acts as a shock absorber,


    cushioning areas where bone meets bone and
    preventing abrasion and damage.
    Types Of Cartilage
    20

    There are three types of cartilage:

    1:-Hyaline Cartilage

    • Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread


    cartilage type and, in adults, it forms the
    articular surfaces of long bones, the rib
    tips, the rings of the trachea, and parts
    of the skull.
    • This type of cartilage is predominately
    collagen (yet with few collagen fibers),
    and its name refers to its glassy
    appearance.
    21
    2:-Elastic Cartilage

    • Elastic cartilage , sometimes referred to


    as yellow fibrocartilage, is a type
    of cartilage that provides both strength
    and elasticity to certain parts of the
    body, such as the ears. Within the outer
    ear, it provides the skeletal basis of the
    pinna, as well as the lateral region of the
    external auditory meatus .
    • This type of cartilage is predominately
    collagen (yet with few collagen fibers),
    and its name refers to its glassy
    appearance.
    22
    3:-Fibrous cartilage

    • Fibrous cartilage has lots of collagen


    fibers (Type I and Type II), and it tends
    to grade into dense tendon and ligament
    tissue. White fibrocartilage consists of a
    mixture of white fibrous tissue and
    cartilaginous tissue in various
    proportions.

    • It owes its flexibility and toughness to


    the fibrous tissue, and its elasticity to the
    cartilaginous tissue. It is the only type of
    cartilage that contains type I collagen in
    addition to the normal type II.
    23

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