MACHINE GUARDING

Bureau of Workers’ Compensation

PA Training for Health & Safety
(PATHS)

Subpart O
OSHA

29 CFR
1910.211-219

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 What We’ll Discuss

 General Requirements

 National Emphasis Program-Amputations

 Woodworking Machinery

 Abrasive Wheel Machinery

 Mechanical Power Presses

 Prime Mover Guards

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General Requirements

29 CFR 1910.212

Damaged guard
Should be repaired
or replaced

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 Types of Guarding

Per 1910.212(a)(1)

One or more methods of machine guarding shall

be provided to protect the operator and other
employees in the machine area from hazards
such as those created by:
 Point of operation
 Ingoing nip points
 Rotating parts
 Flying chips/sparks

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 Standard Interpretations

Machine Guarding Requirements

 By not specifying the types of guards this

standard is referred to as a "performance
standard” (i.e., the employer is free to adopt a
guard that "performs” or meets the objective
of protecting employees from the hazards).

 If OSHA had specified the types of machine

guards that must be used, the standard would
be a "specification standard.”

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 General Requirements

1910.212(a)(2)

Guards shall be affixed to the machine (where

possible) and secured elsewhere if attachment
to the machine is not possible.

The guard shall be such that

it does not offer an
accident hazard in itself.

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 Point of Operations

1910.212(a)(3)
(i) Point of operation = area on a machine where
work is actually performed upon the material
being processed.

(ii) The point of operation

on machines where
operation exposes an
employee to injury shall
be guarded.

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 Point of Operations

1910.212(a)(3)

(ii) The guarding device shall be in conformity

with any appropriate standards, or in the absence
of applicable specific standards, shall be so
designed and constructed so as to prevent the
operator from having any part of
his/her body in the danger zone
during the operating cycle.

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 Hand Tools

1910.212(a)(3)(iii)
Special hand tools for
placing and removing
material shall be such as
to permit easy handling
of material without the
operator placing a hand
in the danger zone*.

*Such tools shall not be in lieu of

other guarding, but can only be
used to supplement protection
provided.

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 Examples of Machines

1910.212(a)(3)(iv)

Types of machines that normally require point of

operation guarding:
▪ Mills
▪ Drills
▪ Grinders
▪ Power Presses
▪ Shears
▪ Saws

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 Barrels, Containers, Drums

1910.212(a)(4)

Revolving drums, barrels,

containers:

▪ Shall be guarded by an
enclosure that is interlocked.
▪ Must prohibit movement
unless guard enclosure is in
place.

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 Exposure of Blades

1910.212(a)(5) NO! The guard shall have openings

no larger than one-half (1/2) inch.

When the periphery of the

blades of a fan is less than
seven (7) feet above the
floor or working level, the
blades shall be guarded.

Is this fan blade properly guarded?

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Anchoring Fixed Machinery

1910.212(b)
Machines designed for a fixed location shall be
securely anchored to prevent walking or moving.

This pedestal grinder is

designed for anchoring but is
not anchored, creating a
potential hazard.

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 Amputation Safety

CPL 2-1.35 National Emphasis Program on

Amputations

Identify and reduce workplace amputation hazards

Top five machines that cause amputations are:
▪ Saws
▪ Slitters
▪ Slicers
▪ Shears
▪ Presses

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 Saws

 Used primarily in woodworking & manufacturing

shops
 Two types
o Table
o Radial arm

 Other types include:

Hand held
Band saw Miter saw
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 Shears

 Self-contained machines using a mechanically

driven ram.
 Ram moves a non-rotary blade at a constant
rate past the edge of fixed blade.

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 Slicers

 Commonly used to
slice meat and food.
 Use rotary blade.
 Guillotine cutters used
in other industries.
 Most injuries occur in
restaurants and
grocery stores.

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 Power Presses

 Nat’l Emphasis
Program (NEP)
covers all types of
power presses.
 Presses consist of
stationary bed and
slide.
 Used in a variety of
industries.

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 Program Procedures

If presses are present, a

 NEP includes three thorough inspection will be
activities: conducted focusing on:
o Outreach  Nip points
o Targeting/selection  Pinch points
 Shear points
o Inspection  Cutting actions
 Point(s) of operation

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Woodworking Machinery

29 CFR 1910.213

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 1910.213 Woodworking Machinery

 (a)(11)The frames and all exposed metal parts

of portable electric woodworking machinery
operated at more than 90 volts to ground
shall be grounded.

 Portable motors driving electric tools which are

hand held shall be grounded.

 The ground shall be a separate ground wire and

polarized plug and receptacle.

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Machine Controls/Equipment

1910.213(b)

A mechanical or electrical power

control:

 Shall be provided on each

machine.
 Makes it possible for operator
to cut off power from machine
without leaving his/her
position at point of operation.

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 Non-Restart Devices

1910.213(b)(3)
On applications where injury to the operator
might result if motors were to restart after power
failures:
 Provision shall be made to prevent machines
from automatically restarting upon restoration
of power.

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 Spreaders

1910.213(c)(2)
Each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall be furnished
with a spreader to prevent material from
squeezing the saw or being thrown back on the
operator.

Spreader

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 Non-Kickback Fingers

1910.213(c)(3)

Each hand-fed circular ripsaw

shall be provided with:
 Non-kickback fingers or dogs
 so located as to oppose the
thrust or tendency of the saw
to pick up the material or to
throw it back toward the
operator.

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 Swing Cutoff Saws
1910.213(g)(1)
Each swing cutoff saw shall be provided with a
hood that will completely enclose the upper half of
the saw, the arbor end, and the point of operation at
all positions of the saw.

Swing saw with hood and limiting chain

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 1910.213(h) Radial Saws

 Upper hood completely encloses the upper portion of the blade,

including the end of the saw arbor.

 Radial saws used for ripping shall be provided with non-kickback

fingers or dogs located on both sides of the saw (prevents
material from being picked up or thrown back toward the
operator).

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 1910.213(i) Band Saws

 Band saw wheels shall be

fully encased.
 Outside periphery of
cover shall be solid.
 The front and back of the
band wheels shall be
either enclosed by solid
material or by wire mesh.

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 Treadle

Each operating treadle shall be covered by an

inverted U-shaped metal guard, fastened to the
floor, and of adequate size to prevent accidental
tripping.

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Abrasive Wheel Machinery

29 CFR 1910.215

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 Guard Design

1910.215(a)(2)

 The safety guard

shall cover the
spindle end, nut, and
flange projections.

 The safety guard

shall be mounted so
as to maintain proper
alignment with the
No end guards on this device!
wheel.

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 1910.215(a)(4) Work Rests

 For off hand grinding: work rests are required to

support the work.
 Rigid construction and adjustable with wheel wear.
 Must be kept closely adjusted (max gap = 1/8”) to
prevent work from jamming & breaking wheel.

Work rest is closely

adjusted

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 Exposure Adjustment

1910.215(b)(9)

Safety guards of the type where

the operator stands in front of the
opening, shall be adjusted to the
constantly decreasing size of the
wheel.
The distance between the periphery
and the adjustable tongue guard
shall never exceed one-fourth inch.

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Mounting “Ring Test”

1910.215(d)

 “Sound” the wheel

by tapping around
its periphery with
a wooden handled
screwdriver.
 Good wheel
portions will “ring”
like a bell.
 Cracks will sound
“dead.”

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 1910.215(d) Mounting

Must check spindle

speed of machine
before mounting
wheel to be certain
it doesn’t exceed
maximum operating
speed marked on
wheel.
Compare this number to the
spindle speed on the grinder
motor.

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Mechanical Power Presses
29 CFR 1910.217

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 Definitions
"Press" - Mechanically powered
machine that shears, punches,
forms or assembles metal or other
material by means of cutting,
shaping, or combination dies
attached to slides.
A press consists of:
 Stationary bed or anvil, and
 A slide (or slides) having a
controlled reciprocating motion
toward the bed surface.
 Slide guided in a definite path
by the frame of the press.

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 Definitions

“Guard” = barrier
that prevents entry of
operators hands or
fingers into the point
of operation.

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 Definitions

"Device" means a press control or attachment that:

 Restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching
into the point of operation, or
 Prevents normal press operation if the operator's
hands are inadvertently within the point of
operation, or………

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 Definitions

 Automatically withdraws
the operator's hands if
inadvertently within the
point of operation as the
dies close.
 Prevents the initiation of
a stroke, or stops of
stroke in progress, when
there is an intrusion
through the sensing field
by any object.

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 1910.217(b)(2) Brakes

Friction brakes provided for stopping or holding a

slide movement:
 Shall be inherently self-engaging.
 Requires power or force from an external
source to cause disengagement.

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 Two-Hand Trip Controls

1910.217(b)(6)

 Hand controls
protected against
unintentional
operation.
 Two-hand trip
systems on full
revolution clutch
machines shall
incorporate an anti-
repeat feature.

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Point of Operation Guards

1910.217(c)(2)

 Shall prevent entry of hands or fingers into the

point of operation by reaching through, over,
under or around the guard.

 Shall conform to the maximum permissible

openings of Table O-10.

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Table O-10 (In Inches)
Distance of opening from point | Maximum width of
of operation hazard | opening
____________________________ |
__________________
|
1/2 to 1 1/2 ................. | 1/4
1 1/2 to 2 1/2 ............... | 3/8
2 1/2 to 3 1/2 ............... | 1/2
3 1/2 to 5 1/2 ............... | 5/8
5 1/2 to 6 1/2 ............... | 3/4
6 1/2 to 7 1/2 ............... | 7/8
7 1/2 to 12 1/2 .............. | 1 1/4
12 1/2 to 15 1/2 ............. | 1 1/2
15 1/2 to 17 1/2 ..........… | 1 7/8
17 1/2 to 31 1/2 ............. | 2 1/8

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Presence Sensing Devices

May not be used on machines with full revolution

clutches!

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 Pull-Out Device
1910.127(c)(3)(iv)(d)

Pull-Out Devices:
• Each pull-out device in use shall be visually inspected
and checked for proper adjustment at the start of each
operator shift, following a new die set-up, and when
operators are changed.

• Necessary maintenance, repair, or both shall be

performed and completed before the press is operated.

• Records of inspections and maintenance shall be kept in

accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.

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 Pull Back Devices

Pullback
device

Adjustable
wrist
straps

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 Prime Mover Guards
29 CFR 1910.219

 Flywheels
 Pulleys
 Belt, Rope, & Chain Drives
 Gears & Sprockets
 Shafts

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 Flywheels

1910.219(b)(1)

 Flywheels 7 feet or less above

the ground shall be guarded by
 Sheet, perforated, or expanded
metal or woven wire, or with
 Guard rails between 15 to 20
inches from flywheel rim.
 Toe board if within 12 inches of
floor or extends into a pit.
 All projections shall be covered.

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 1910.219.(c) Shaft

 Projecting end shafts

shall present a smooth
edge and project not
more than 1/2 the
diameter of the shaft.

 Unused key ways shall

be filled up or covered.

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 1910.219(d) Pulleys

 Pulleys seven feet or less from floor or working

platform shall be guarded in accordance with
the standards specified in paragraphs (m) &
(o).

 Pulleys serving as balance wheels (e.g., punch

presses) on which the point of contact between
belt and pulley is more than six feet six
inches from the floor or platform may be
guarded with a disc covering the spokes.

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1910.219(o)(2) Wooden Guards

Wooden guards may be used in:

 Woodworking industry
 Chemical industry
 Industries where there is presence of fumes
 Industries where manufacturing conditions can
cause rapid deterioration of metal guards
 Construction work and outdoors where extreme
cold or heat make metal guards and railings
undesirable

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 Summary

 If it moves, turns, spins, reciprocates, cuts,

etc., GUARD IT!
 Guard: point of operation, ingoing nip points,
pinch points, rotating parts, against flying
objects/chips.
 Guards should not be a hazard in and of
themselves.
 Guards should not be removed unless working
on the machine and Lock Out/Tag Out (LOTO)
is in place.
 Ensure guards are put back on after working
on machinery.

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 Bottom Lime

Guards are there for your safety, use them or you

may suffer the consequences!

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 Contact Information

Health & Safety Training Specialists

1171 South Cameron Street, Room 324
Harrisburg, PA 17104-2501
(717) 772-1635
RA-LI-BWC-PATHS@pa.gov

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Questions

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