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    U08 Notes Part3 Weak A B

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    This document discusses weak acids and bases and how to calculate pH and pOH from dissociation constants (Ka and Kb). It provides examples of calculating the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at equilibrium for weak acid and base solutions given their initial concentrations and Ka or Kb values. It also shows how to determine the pH and pOH from these concentrations. The key points are that Ka and Kb values express the strength of weak acids and bases, and they can be used along with initial concentrations to calculate ion concentrations at equilibrium and thus pH and pOH.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    U08 Notes Part3 Weak A B

    Uploaded by

    api-546066323
    137 views32 pages
    This document discusses weak acids and bases and how to calculate pH and pOH from dissociation constants (Ka and Kb). It provides examples of calculating the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at equilibrium for weak acid and base solutions given their initial concentrations and Ka or Kb values. It also shows how to determine the pH and pOH from these concentrations. The key points are that Ka and Kb values express the strength of weak acids and bases, and they can be used along with initial concentrations to calculate ion concentrations at equilibrium and thus pH and pOH.

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    u08 notes part3 weak a b

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    This document discusses weak acids and bases and how to calculate pH and pOH from dissociation constants (Ka and Kb). It provides examples of calculating the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at equilibrium for weak acid and base solutions given their initial concentrations and Ka or Kb values. It also shows how to determine the pH and pOH from these concentrations. The key points are that Ka and Kb values express the strength of weak acids and bases, and they can be used along with initial concentrations to calculate ion concentrations at equilibrium and thus pH and pOH.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    137 views32 pages

    U08 Notes Part3 Weak A B

    Uploaded by

    api-546066323
    This document discusses weak acids and bases and how to calculate pH and pOH from dissociation constants (Ka and Kb). It provides examples of calculating the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at equilibrium for weak acid and base solutions given their initial concentrations and Ka or Kb values. It also shows how to determine the pH and pOH from these concentrations. The key points are that Ka and Kb values express the strength of weak acids and bases, and they can be used along with initial concentrations to calculate ion concentrations at equilibrium and thus pH and pOH.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PART 3:

    Weak Acids & Bases

    Unit 08
    IB Topics 8 & 18
    Strong acids and bases: pH and pOH can
    be deduced from their concentrations
     since we assume strong acids and
    bases dissociate completely, pH and
    pOH can be calculated directly from
    the initial concentration of solution.
    Strong acids and bases: pH and pOH can
    be deduced from their concentrations
     Example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M
    solution of NaOH at 298 K.
    NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
    0.10 M 0.10 M
    (100% dissociation)

    pOH = -log[OH-] = -log (1.0 x 10-1) = 1.00

    pH @ 298K = 14.00 – 1.00 = 13.00


    Strong acids and bases: pH and pOH can
    be deduced from their concentrations
     Example: Calculate the pH of a 0.15 M
    solution of HNO3 at 298 K.
    HNO3(aq) → H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
    0.15 M 0.15 M
    (100% dissociation)

    pH = -log[H+] = -log (0.15) = 0.82


    Dissociation constants express the
    strength of weak acids and bases
     Since equilibrium for weak acids and
    bases lies far to the left (they do not
    dissociate fully), concentrations of ions
    in solution cannot be determined by the
    initial concentrations without knowing
    the extent of dissociation.
    Consider the equilibrium expression for
    the dissociation of any weak acid in water:
    HA(aq) + H2O(l)  A-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

    [A  ][H3O  ]
    Kc 
    [HA][H2O]
    [A  ][H3O  ]
    K c  [H2O] 
    [HA]

    Ka
    [A  ][H3O  ]
    Ka 
    [HA]
    The acid dissociation constant, Ka

     It has a fixed value for a particular


    acid at a specified temperature.
     Since the value of Ka depends on
    the position of equilibrium of acid
    dissociation, it gives us a direct
    measure of the strength of an acid.
    The acid dissociation constant, Ka

     The higher the value of Ka at a


    particular temperature, the greater
    the dissociation and so the stronger
    the acid.
     Note: because Ka is an equilibrium
    constant, its value does not change
    with the concentration of the acid or
    in the presence of other ions.
    Consider the equilibrium expression for the
    dissociation of any weak base in water:

    B(aq) + H2O(l)  BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)

     
    [BH ][OH ]
    Kb 
    [B]
    The base dissociation constant, Kb

     It has the same characteristics as


    those described for Ka.
    Calculations involving Ka and Kb

     The values of Ka and Kb enable us to


    compare the strengths of weak acids and
    bases and to calculate ion concentrations
    present at equilibrium
     (and therefore the pH and pOH values).
    Calculations involving Ka and Kb
     Keep the following in mind:
     The given concentration of an acid or base is its
    initial concentration (before dissociation occurs).
     The pH (or pOH) of a solution refers to the
    concentration of H+ ions (or OH-ions) at equilibrium.
     The concentration values substituted into the
    expressions for Ka and Kb must be the equilibrium
    values for all reactants and products.
     When the extent of dissociation is very small (very
    low value for Ka or Kb) it is appropriate you use
    these approximations:
     [acid]initial  [acid]equilibrium
     [base]initial  [base]equilibrium.
    Calculation of Ka and Kb from pH and initial concentration
    Example: Calculate Ka at 25C for a 0.0100 mol dm-3 solution of
    ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. It has a pH value of 3.40 at this temp.

    pH = 3.40 → [H+] = 10-3.4 = 4.0 x 10-4 mol dm-3

    CH3COOH(aq)  CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)


    I 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000

    C -4.0 x 10-4 +4.0 x 10-4 +4.0 x 10-4

    E 0.0096 4.0 x 10-4 4.0 x 10-4


    0.0100 (within precision of data)

     
    [CH3COO ][H ] (4.0  10-4 ) 2 5
    Ka    1.7 10
    [CH3COOH] 0.0096
    Calculation of Ka and Kb from pH and initial concentration
    Example: Calculate Kb at 25C for a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of
    methylamine, CH3NH2. Its pH value is 11.80 at this temp.

    pH = 11.80 → pOH = 14.00 – 11.80 = 2.2 (at 25 C)


    → [OH-] = 10-2.20 = 6.3 x 10-3 mol dm-3

    CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(l)  CH3NH3+(aq) + OH-(aq)


    I 0.100 0.000 0.000

    C -0.00630 +0.00630 +0.00630

    E 0.0937 0.00630 0.00630

     
    [CH3NH3 ][OH ] (0.00630)2 4
    Kb    4.2 10
    [CH3NH2 ] 0.0937
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 1: Write out the dissolving equation &


    the equilibrium law expression

    HNO2(aq)  NO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

     
    [NO2 ][H ]
    Ka 
    [HNO 2 ]
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 2: set up ICE and let x = [H+]

    HNO2(aq)  NO2-(aq) + H+(aq)

    I 0.10 0.00 0.00

    C -x +x +x

    E 0.10-x x x
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 3: Substitute equilibrium values into


    the equilibrium law expression.

    2 2
    4 x (x)
    4.0  10   (assume x<<0.100)
    (0.100 - x) 0.100
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 4: Solve problem using the


    assumed values

    2 2
    4 x (x)
    4.0  10   (assume x<<0.100)
    (0.100 - x) 0.100
    x  (4.0  10 4 )(0.100)

    x  [H ]  6.3  10 3 mol  dm3


    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 4¼ : Check assumption for validity


    (5% rule)

    6.3  10 3
     100  6.3%
    0.100

    x > 5% of 0.100;
    thus the assumption was not valid
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 4½: must use quadratic formula…


     b  b 2  4ac
    x
    2a
    4 x2
    4.0  10 
    (0.100 - x)
    4.0  10 5  4.0  10 4 x  x 2
    4 5
    0  x  4.0  10 x  4.0 10
    2

    4 4 2 5
    - 4 10  (4 10 )  4(1)(4 10 )
    x
    (2)(1)
    x  [H ]  6.1  10 3 mol  dm3
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    A real, but ugly example: Calculate the pH of a 0.10M solution of
    HNO2 (Ka = 4.0 x 10-4)

    Step 5: Solve for pH


    pH  log[H ]

    pH   log(6.1  10 3 )

    pH  2.21
    NOTE: Due to the nature of the
    timed exams you will be taking (IB
    and/or AP), assumptions of weak
    acids and bases dissociating less
    than 5% will always be considered
    valid. ASSUME away and do not
    use the quadratic formula. You
    must state your assumption, but
    you need not check on the validity
    of said assumption.
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    Pretty little AP/IB example: Determine the pH of a
    0.75 mol dm-3 solution of ethanoic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5).

    CH3COOH(aq)  CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)


    I 0.75 0.00 0.00

    C -x +x +x

    E 0.75-x x x
    0.75
    (assume x << 0.75)
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    Pretty little AP/IB example: Determine the pH of a
    0.75 mol dm-3 solution of ethanoic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5).

     
    [CH3COO ][H ]
    Ka 
    [CH3COOH] 3
    x 2 pH   log(3.7  10 )
    5
    1.8  10 
    0.75 pH  2.43
     3
    x  [H ]  3.7  10
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    Pretty little AP/IB example #2: Determine the pH of a
    0.20 mol dm-3 solution of ammonia (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5).

    NH3(aq) + H2O(l)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)


    I 0.20 0.00 0.00

    C -x +x +x

    E 0.20-x x x
    0.20
    (assume x << 0.20)
    Calculation of [H+] and pH, [OH-] and pOH from Ka and Kb
    Pretty little AP/IB example #2: Determine the pH of a
    0.20 mol dm-3 solution of ammonia (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5).


    [NH4 ][OH ] 
    pOH   log(1.9  10 3 )
    Kb 
    [NH3 ] pOH  2.72
    2
    5 x
    1.8  10 
    0.20 pH  14.00  2.72 @25C


    x  [OH ]  1.9  10 3 pH  11.28
    pKa and pKb

    pKa = -log Ka pKb = -log Kb

    Ka = 10-pKa Kb = 10-pKb
    pKa and pKb

    1. pKa and pKb numbers are usually positive


    and have no units

    2. The relationship between Ka and pKa and


    between Kb and pKb is inverse. Stronger
    acids or bases with higher values for Ka or Kb
    have lower values for pKa or pKb.
    pKa and pKb

    3. A change of one unit in pKa or pKb represents


    a 10-fold change in the value of Ka or Kb.

    4. pKa and pKb must be quoted at a specified


    temperature (they are derived from temp-
    dependent Ka and Kb).
    Relationship between Ka and Kb,
    pKa and pKb for a conjugate pair:

    Consider the Ka and Kb expressions for a


    conjugate acid-base pair HA and A-.
    [H ][A  ]
    HA(aq)  H+(aq) + A-(aq) Ka 
    [HA]
    [HA][OH ]
    A-(aq) + H2O(l)  HA(aq) + OH-(aq) Kb 
    [A - ]
    [H ][A  ] [HA][OH ]
    K a  Kb   -  [H 
    ]  [OH 
    ]
    [HA] [A ]
    K a  Kb  K w
    Relationship between Ka and Kb,
    pKa and pKb for a conjugate pair:

     By taking the negative logarithms of both


    sides: pKa + pKb = pKw

     At 25C Kw = 1.0 x 10-14, so pKw = 14.00


     therefore pKa + pKb = 14.00 (at 25C)

     Thus, the higher the Ka for the acid, the


    lower the value of Kb for its conjugate base.
    In other words, stronger acids have
    weaker conjugate bases and vice versa.
    Relationship between Ka and Kb,
    pKa and pKb for a conjugate pair:

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