COMPLEX NUMBERS

MATH-111 CALCULUS I
By
Muhammad Ahsan
 Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?

The navigation system in the space

shuttle depends on complex numbers!
 -2

Can you see a problem here?

Who goes first?

Complex numbers do not have order

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex number is a number consisting
of a Real and Imaginary part.

It can be written in the form

i  1
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
 Why complex numbers are introduced???
Equations like x2=-1 do not have a solution within
the real numbers
x  1
2

x  1

i  1
i  1
2
 COMPLEX CONJUGATE
 The COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex number
z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by

z* = x – iy
 The Modulus or absolute value

is defined by

z x y 2 2
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Real numbers and imaginary numbers are
subsets of the set of complex numbers.

Real Numbers Imaginary

Numbers

Complex Numbers
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Equal complex numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if their

real parts are equal and their imaginary
parts are equal.

If a + bi = c + di,
then a = c and b = d
 Complex?
 i is an imaginary
number unreal
 Or a complex number complex
 Or an unreal number imaginary
 The terms are inter-
changeable
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers

2
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers
 And then we needed integers

2
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers
 And then we needed integers

-1 2
-3
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers
 And then we needed integers
 And rationals
1
0.41

-1 2
-3
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers
 And then we needed integers
 And rationals
1
0.41
 And irrationals
-1 2
-3

2
 Some observations
 In the beginning there were counting
numbers
 And then we needed integers
 And rationals
1
0.41
 And irrationals
-1 0 2
 And reals
-3


 So where do unreals fit in ?
We have always used them. 6 is not just 6 it is
6 + 0i. Complex numbers incorporate all
numbers. 2i 3 + 4i

1
0.41

-1 0 2
-3


 A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
 A number such as 6 is a purely real number
 6 + 3i is a complex number
 x + iy is the general form of a complex
number
 If x + iy = 6 – 4i then x = 6 and y = – 4
 The ‘real part’ of 6 – 4i is 6
 Powers of i
ii
i 
2
  2
 1  1
i  1 i  i
3

i  1 1  1
4

i i
5

i  1
6

i  i
7
 Powers of i

i i i i i
1 5 9 13

i  i  i  i  1
2 6 10 14

i  i  i  i  i
3 7 11 15

i  i  i  i 1
4 8 12 16
If i  - 1, then
*For larger exponents, divide
i i
5
the exponent by 4, then use the
i  1
2 remainder as your exponent
instead.
i  1
6
i  i
3

i  i
7 Example:
i ?
23

i 1
4
23
 5 with a remainder of 3
4
i 1
8
So, use i which  -i
3

etc. i  i
23
 Examples
2
1. (i 3 ) 2. Solve 3x 2  10  26
 i 2 ( 3)2 3 x  36
2

 1( 3 * 3 ) x  12
2

 1(3) x   12
2

 3 x  i 12
x  2i 3
 Worked Examples
1. Simplify 4

4  4  1
 4  i2
 2i
2. Evaluate 3i  4i
3i  4i  12i 2
 12  1
 12
 Addition Subtraction
Multiplication
3. Simplify 3i  4i
3i  4i  7i

4. Simplify 3i  7  4i  6

3i  7  4i  6  i  13

5. Simplify (3i  7)(3i  7)

(3i  7)(3i  7)   3i   7  9  49  58
2 2
 Division
2
6. Simplify
3i  7

The trick is to make the denominator real:

2 3i  7 2(3i  7)
 
3i  7 3i  7 58
(3i  7)

29
7  3i

29
 Solving Quadratic Functions
7. Solve x  6 x  13  0
2

6  36  52
x
2
6   16
x
2
6  16  1
x
2
x  3  2i complex solutions (Conjugates)
 3  11i  1  2i
Ex : *
 1  2i  1  2i  25  5i

5
(3  11i )(1  2i )  25 5i

(1  2i )(1  2i )  
5 5
 3  6i  11i  22i 2
  5  i
1  2i  2i  4i 2

 3  5i  22(1)

1  4(1)

 3  5i  22

1 4
 Developing useful rules
Consider z  a  bi and z  a  bi (Conjugate)
z  z  2a
z  z  2bi
z  (a  bi)(a  bi)
2

 a  2bi  b
2 2

z  (a  bi)(a  bi)
2

 a  2abi  b
2 2
 Developing useful rules
Consider z  a  bi and z  a  bi (Conjugate)
zz  (a  bi)(a  bi)
 a 2  b2
2
 z
z (a  bi) (a  bi)
 
z (a  bi) (a  bi)
a 2  2abi  b 2

a 2  b2
 Developing useful rules

Consider z1  a  bi and z 2  c  di
1.  z1  z 2  

2. z1 z 2 
 Developing useful rules

Consider z1  a  bi and z 2  c  di
1.  z1  z 2   z1  z 2

2. z1 z 2   z1 z 2 
 Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur
mathematician. He was an accountant
book-keeper.
 Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur
mathematician. He was an accountant
book-keeper.
He is remembered for 2 things
 His ‘Argand Diagram’
 Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur
mathematician. He was an accountant
book-keeper.
He is remembered for 2 things
 His ‘Argand Diagram’
 His work on the ‘bell curve’
 Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur
mathematician. He was an accountant
book-keeper.
He is remembered for 2 things
 His ‘Argand Diagram’
 His work on the ‘bell curve’

 Very little is known about Argand. No

likeness has survived.
Argand Diagrams
y 2 + 3i
3

x
1 2 3
Argand Diagrams
y 2 + 3i
3

x
1 2 3

We can represent complex

numbers as a point.
Argand Diagrams
y
3

x
1 2 3
Argand Diagrams
y
3

2 
z1  2  i  OA
1 A

x
O
1 2 3

We can represent complex

numbers as a vector.
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB
y
B
3

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

 
z1  z2  OA  AC

 OC
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

BA  ?
Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

BA  ?
 Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

  

OB  BA  OA
 Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

  

OB  BA  OA
  
BA  OA  OB
 Argand Diagrams

z2  2  3i  OB C
y 
3
B z3  4  4i  OC

1 
A
z1  2  i  OA
x
O
1 2 3

  

OB  BA  OA
  
BA  OA  OB
 z1  z2
De Moivre
Abraham De Moivre was a
French Protestant who moved
to England in search of
religious freedom.
He was most famous for his
work on probability and was
an acquaintance of Isaac
Newton.
His theorem was possibly
suggested to him by Newton.
 De Moivre’s Theorem
 cos  i sin    cos n  i sin n
n

This remarkable formula works for

all values of n.
Enter Leonhard Euler…..
Euler who was the first to use i for complex
numbers had several great ideas. One of them
was that
ei = cos  + i sin 

Here is an amazing proof….

Let y  sin 
  sin y
1

 1
  dy, now let y  iz so dy  idz
 1 y 2

 1
 idz
 1   iz 
2

 1
 i dz
 1 z2
  1
  i dz
 1 z2

 
  i ln 1  z  z [standard integral]
2

y sin 
now y  iz  z  
i i
  sin  
2
sin  
  i ln  1     
  i  i 
 
  1
  i dz
 1  z2

 
  i ln 1  z 2  z [standard integral]
y sin 
now y  iz  z  
i i
  sin  
2
sin  
  i ln  1     
  i  i 
 
 i ln  1  sin   i sin 
2

  i ln  1  sin   i sin 
2

  i ln  cos  i sin  
i   ln  cos  i sin  
i  ln  cos  i sin  
1

 1 
i  ln  
 cos  i sin  
 1 cos  i sin  
i  ln   
 cos  i sin  cos  i sin  
  i ln  1  sin   i sin 
2

  i ln  cos  i sin  
i   ln  cos  i sin  
i  ln  cos  i sin  
1

 1 
i  ln  
 cos  i sin  
 1 cos  i sin  
i  ln   
 cos  i sin  cos  i sin  
  1 cos   i sin  
i  ln   
 cos   i sin  cos   i sin  
i  ln  cos  i sin  
ei  cos   i sin 
One last amazing result

Have you ever thought about ii ?

 One last amazing result
What if I told you that ii is a real
number?
  
now i  cos  i sin
2 2
but ei  cos  i sin 

i  
so e  cos  i sin  i
2
2 2
 i
 
i
e   i
2 i

 

i2
e 2
i i



e  ii 2

ii = 0.20787957635076190855
 3 3
now i  cos  i sin
2 2
but ei  cos  i sin 
5
i 3 3
so e 2
 cos  i sin i
2 2
3 i
 i 
 i
i
e
2

 
3
i2
e 2
i i

3
e 2
 ii
ii = 111.31777848985622603
So ii is an infinite number of
real numbers