Welcome: Aklima Zaman Research Officer BIM

Welcome
Aklima Zaman
Research Officer
BIM
Structure of Session
Introduction to Statistics
Definition and Scope
Sources and Types of Data
Statistics
The branch of mathematics that transforms data into
useful information for decision makers.
Statistics
Singular Plural
Statistics
In singular Sense
According to Prof. Horace Secrist …..
Statistics is the aggregate of facts, affected to a marked
extent by multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed,
enumerated or estimated according to reasonable
standards of accuracy, collected in a systematic manner
for a pre-determined purpose, and placed in relation to
each other.
Statistics
In plural sense……..
A.L. Bowley has defined statistics as:
(i) statistics is the science of counting,
(ii) Statistics may rightly be called the science of
averages, and
(iii) statistics is the science of measurement of social
organism regarded as a whole in all its manifestations.
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
Collecting, summarizing, and Drawing conclusions and/or

describing data making decisions concerning a
population based only on sample
data
Descriptive Statistics
 Collect data
 e.g., Survey
 Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs
 Characterize data
 e.g., Sample mean
Inferential Statistics
Estimation
e.g., Estimate the population mean weight using the
sample mean weight
Hypothesis testing
e.g., Test the claim that the population mean weight is 120
pounds
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
Collect data
Present data
Characterize data X i
Drawing conclusions about a
large group of individuals
n based on a subset of the large
group.
Characteristics of Statistics
1. Statistics are aggregate of facts
 2. Statistics are affected to a marked extent by a multiplicity of
causes
 3. Statistics are numerically expressed, enumerated or estimated
 4. Statistics are numerated or estimated according to reasonable
standard of accuracy
 5. Statistics should be collected in a systematic manner for a
predetermined purpose
 6. Statistics should be capable of being placed in relation to each
other
Functions of Statistics
 To present facts in a definite form .
 To simplify unwieldy and complex data
 To use it as a technique for making comparisons
 To enlarge individual experience
 To provide guidance in the formulation of policies
 To enable measurement of the magnitude of a phenomenon
Limitations of Statistics
 The use of statistics is limited numerical studies
 Statistical methods deal with population or aggregate of individuals
rather than with individuals.
 Statistical relies on estimates and approximations.
 Statistical results might lead to fallacious conclusions by deliberate
manipulation of figures
Scope of Statistics
 A marketing research analyst needs to assess the effectiveness of a
new television advertisement.
 A pharmaceutical manufacturer needs to determine whether a new

drug is more effective than those currently in use.
 An operations manager wants to monitor a manufacturing process to

find out whether the quality of the product being manufactured is
conforming to company standards.
 An auditor wants to review the financial transactions of a company

in order to determine whether the company is in compliance with
generally accepted accounting principles.
:
Decision Makers Use Statistics To
 Present and describe business data and information properly

 Draw conclusions about large groups of individuals or items, using
information collected from subsets of the individuals or items.
 Make reliable forecasts about a business activity
 Improve business processes
Basic Vocabulary of Statistics

Variables A characteristic about each individual element of a
population or sample. They may be classified as:
 Quantitative /Numerical
 Continuous A quantitative variable that can assume an uncountable
number of values.
 Discrete A quantitative variable that can assume a countable
number of values.
 Qualitative/Categorical
 Nominal (e.g. gender, blood group)
 Ordinal (ranked e.g. mild, moderate or severe illness). Often

ordinal variables are re-coded to be quantitative.
Variables can be further classified as:
 Dependent/Response. Variable of primary interest (e.g.

blood pressure in an antihypertensive drug trial). Not
controlled by the experimenter.
 Independent/Predictor
 called a Factor when controlled by experimenter. It is often
nominal (e.g. treatment)
 Covariate when not controlled.
DATA
Data are the different values associated with a variable.
Data
Categorical Numerical
Examples:
 Marital Status
Discrete Continuous
 Political Party
 Eye Color
(Defined categories)
Examples: Examples:
 Number of Children  Weight
 Defects per hour  Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
Example:
A college dean is interested in learning about the average age of faculty.
Identify the basic terms in this situation.
The population is the age of all faculty members at the college.

A sample is any subset of that population. For example, we might
select 10 faculty members and determine their age.
The variable is the “age” of each faculty member.
One data would be the age of a specific faculty member.
The data would be the set of values in the sample.
The parameter of interest is the “average” age of all faculty at the
college.
The statistic is the “average” age for all faculty in the sample.
POPULATION
A population consists of all the items or individuals
about which you want to draw a conclusion.
Two kinds of populations: finite or infinite
SAMPLE
A sample is the portion of a population selected for
analysis.
PARAMETER
A parameter is a numerical measure that describes a
characteristic of a population.
STATISTIC
A statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic
of a sample.
Population vs. Sample
Population Sample
Measures used to describe the Measures computed from

population are called parameters sample data are called statistics
Sources of Data
Primary Sources
The original compiler of the data is the primary sources.
Sources Of Primary Data
• Observation
• Focus group
• Personal interviews (one-on-one)
• Telephone interviews/surveys
• Self-administered (mail or Internet) surveys

Secondary Sources
A secondary source is the one that furnishes the data
that were originally compiled by someone else.
Sources Of Secondary Data

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Welcome

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Collecting, summarizing, and Drawing conclusions and/or

 A pharmaceutical manufacturer needs to determine whether a new

 An operations manager wants to monitor a manufacturing process to

 An auditor wants to review the financial transactions of a company

 Present and describe business data and information properly

 Ordinal (ranked e.g. mild, moderate or severe illness). Often

 Dependent/Response. Variable of primary interest (e.g.

The population is the age of all faculty members at the college.

Measures used to describe the Measures computed from

• Personal interviews (one-on-one)

• Self-administered (mail or Internet) surveys

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