Soil and Waste Water Disposal 2016 Ed

Soil and waste water
disposal
(A) Common Terms
Waste water: water that comes from waste

appliances like tub, wash basins etc.
Soil water: water conveyed from soil appliances
like water closets (wc), urinals etc.
Soil appliance: appliance that contains soil water.
Soil pipe: pipe for conveying soil water from a
soil water fitting.
Waste pipe; any pipe connected to the waste water
fitting, and is used for the conveyance of waste
water to any gully trap.
Stack: any vertical or inclined line of waste or
soil piping or a combination of both
Trap: any pipe or fitting so bend or formed
that it retains a quantity of liquid, part of which
forms a seal or barrier to the passage of air or
gas.
Ventilation pipe or vent pipe: any pipe or
potion of a pipe fitted vertically or at an
incline, and provided solely to ventilate a
sewage system and to prevent trap-siphonage
or back-pressure.
Septic tank: means any covered tank, complete
with effluent overflow, intended to receive sewage
and designed to retain such sewage for such a time
and in such a manner as to secure adequate
decomposition of organic solids by bacterial action
Sewage: waste water, soil water or other liquid
waste.
Sewer: an underground pipe used for conveying
sewage.
Anti-siphon pipe: any pipe provided in conjunction
with a trap in the sanitary fitting to prevent
unsealing of the trap by siphonage or back-pressure.
Materials
 The materials must be durable and easily cleaned.
Should have non-absorbent surfaces
(i)Ceramics:
Vitreous China – Very light and non-porous
Glazed fire clay
Very strong,
used for sinks and water closet (WC) pans. WC pans
that are usually used in factories, schools, etc.
Glazed stoneware
Non-porous even when unglazed.
Very strong and used for appliances such as sinks and
washing troughs
(ii) Pressed metal
Mild steel, stainless steel etc, are molded by a press
to form a one-pierce appliance.
Mild steel – finished in vitreous enamel on the
internal surface in a variety of colours.
Stainless steel - good polished surface, resistant
to wear and corrosion, used to make sinks, WC
pan, urinals and drinking fountains.
(iii) Acrylic Plastics
Light and cheap to manufacture and should be
carefully cleaned, usually for carrying cold water.
(iv) Glass-Reinforced Polyesters
Stronger than acrylic and more expensive
Should have a good gel for coating
Thin coats may be won away by cleaning,
which would expose the glass fibre.
For bath and shower trays.
(v) Terrazzo
Very strong and can withstand rough usage
Used for shower trays, bath trays and washing
troughs.
Sanitary Fittings in Buildings
Various types
Provide sanitary facilities
Supplied with water either directly from the
mains or from hot or cold storage tanks.
Taps for these fittings are designed to discharge
above the flood level of the appliance to
prevent back-siphonage.
(1) Soil Fittings
Fittings that discharge soil water
(1) Soil Fittings
1.1 Water Closets (WC) - various designs
The cistern is flushed and water passes
through the pressure-reducing fitment A, which
reduces the air pressure in chamber B.
A siphonic action is set up, which empties the
water and any contents from the pan through
the sealed traps.
This is replenished from the chamber C.
1.2 Urinals
(2) Waste Appliances
2.1 Wash Basin (WHB)
Soil and Waste systems
Traps
A trap should be fitted close to a waste or soil
appliance, unless the appliance has an integral
trap. The purpose of a trap is to provide a seal so
that foul air from the drainpipes does not get into
the building.
Types of traps
There are basically three common types, which
are: (i) S trap, (ii) P trap (iii) Q trap & (iv) U trap
Lose of Seals in Traps
(v) Leakages
Traps occasionally loose their seal due to a leak
on the fitting below water-seal level. The leak
may be due to a loose or badly jointed access
bowl or cleaning eye, or in the case of soft
material, caused by impact resulting in fracture
and damage to the tarp body.
(vi) Evaporation
If humidity inside the building is low and the
appliance is not used.
Usually the rate of evaporation is 2.5mm / week
(depth)
(vii) Momentum
When a quantity of water is quickly
discharged into a gully or wash-down wc
and the discharging water carries away
the water forming the trap seal.
Prevention of loss of Water seal
Anti-siphonage pipes which are connected
exactly where low pressure is likely to take
place
Use of special traps: These include
(i) The ‘Grevak’ resealing trap
(ii) The ‘McAlpine’ resealing trap
(iii)The ‘Econa’ resealing trap
Fitting a P trap on the appliance. This avoids
vertical discharge piping.
Ensure that the branch discharge pipe length
and slope do not exceed those recommended in
BS 5572
Fitting a larger diameter branch discharge pipe
to the trap outlet.
Capillary - regular cleaning of the inside of the
trap and branch discharge pipe.
Wavering out - ensuring a terminal grating is
fitted.
Ways of Removing Discharge from Sanitary
Fittings
The function of a well-designed system is to take
away efficiently all waste from the sanitary
fitments to the main drains, without allowing foul
air to enter the building via the system of
sanitation pipe work.
Three basic systems have evolved over the years to
fulfill these requirements:
The two-pipe system
The one-pipe system
The single stack system
Service Ducts
The purpose of a service duct is to conceal the
services without restricting access for
inspection, repairs, and alterations.
Also helps in reducing noise, and
Protect the services from damage.
When designing a service duct the
transmission of noise, building up of heat, and
accessibility must be considered.
The number of ducts required will depend on
the variation in services, the need for
segregation, and the location of equipment
serviced.
Vertical ducts usually extend to the full height
of the building – spread of fire factor.
It must be so constructed and designed that it
forms a complete barrier to fire between
compartments its serving.
Categorised as vertical and horizontal.
Partially recessed duct
Recessed duct
Duct between compartments
Horizontal service ducts
These can be trenches, or ceiling/floor voids.
Floor trenches are usually fitted with continuous
covers.
A crawl-way should be wide enough to allow a
clear working space of at least 700mm and a
minimum headroom of 1m.
Covers should be light enough to be raised by at
most two persons.
If similar covers are to match floor finish they
should be fixed with brass cups and counter sunk
brass screws.
Crawl-ways
Subways or walkways
Normally accessed from a plant room, control
room or a basement.
Designed and constructed in such a way as to
withstand imposed loads;
Should be water tight and fire resistant;
Ventilation is essential;
Shallow drainage channels should convey
ground water leakages to a pumped sump.
Raised/suspended floors
Suspended/false ceilings

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Soil and waste water

Waste water: water that comes from waste

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