ANODIZING

Made By: Ishika Dhanwani(201)

Sonu(210)
Mansi Sharma(285)
1 Anodizing

2 Anodizing Process

3 Process Limitations

4 Evaluation of coating & Applications

5 Non-Aluminium Substrates
  What is Anodizing?
Anodizing is a method for changing the surface chemistry of metals and
other substrates. It protects against corrosion, enhances aesthetic qualities,
resists scratching and is one of the most durable surface finishes available.

Mg
Al
Ti
Conversion coating of the surface of aluminium & its alloy to porous Al2O3
which prevents the corrosion of aluminium components.

o The process derives its name from the fact that the aluminium part to be coated
becomes the anode in an electrolytic cell.
 STEP 1

PRE
Surface preparation
ANODIZATION

Chromic acid process

ANODIZATION
STEP 2
Sulphuric acid process
ANODIZATION
Hard anodizing process
PROCESSES
Special anodizing process

STEP 3

POST
Colour anodizing
ANODIZATION
Sealing
 Pre Anodizing Anodizing Post Anodizing

Surface Preparation:
• A chemically clean surface is a basic requirement for successful anodizing.

• The cleaning method is selected on the basis of the type of contaminants.

• We usually use solvent wiping or alkaline soak cleaning for cleaning purpose.

• After cleaning, the work is etched. Etching removes metal uniformly and roughens the
surface of the metal to give a uniform, matte finish.

• When specular surfaces or shiny surfaces are required, the work is treated in a
brightening solution.

• After etching or brightening, desmutting usually is required for the removal of

heavy metal deposits resulting from the preceding operations.
 Typical process sequence for anodizing operations

Inhibited Rinse
Mechanical Emulsion
Rack Rinse Alkaline
Finish Clean Rinse
clean

Rinse Chemical or
Nitric acid
Chemical electrolytic
Rinse Desmut Desmut dip
etch brighten
Rinse

Rinse
Rinse Seal Anodize
Unrack
Rinse
 Pre Anodizing Anodizing Post Anodizing

Chromic Acid Process:

• This process yields a yellow to dark-olive finish, depending on the anodic film thickness.
• Chromic acid anodizing solutions contain from 3 to 10 wt% CrO3.
• Low-carbon steel tanks are satisfactory for chromic acid baths.
• Preferred over sulphuric acid anodizing for riveted and welded assemblies.

 Conditions to use chromic acid anodizing solution:

• pH is between 0.5 and 1.0.
• The concentration of chlorides (as sodium chloride) is less than 0.02%.
• The concentration of sulfates (as sulfuric acid) is less than 0.05%.
• The total chromic acid content is less than 10%.

 Voltage= 0-40 V,Current density = 0.1A/dm sq.,Time = 30-40 minutes.

 Pre Anodizing Anodizing Post Anodizing

Sulphuric Acid Process:

• The concentration of sulfuric acid in the anodizing solution is 12 to 20 wt%.
• Tanks for sulfuric acid anodizing may be made of low-carbon steel .
• The tank should have controls for maintaining temperatures at between 20 to 30 °C (68 to
85 °F). The surface of the floor under the tank should be acid resistant.

 Conditions to use H2SO4 anodizing solution:

• The concentration of chlorides (as sodium chloride) is less than 0.02%.
• The aluminium concentration is less than 20 g/ L or less than 15 g/L for dyed work.
• The sulfuric acid content is between 165g/L and 200 g/L .

 Voltage and current density are adjusted accordingly till the specified weight of coating is produced.
 More is the anodizing time, heavy is the coating.
 Operations sequence in H2SO4 anodizing

Inhibited alkaline Cold rinse

Mechanical clean
Finish Solution 1
Alkaline etch
Cold rinse
Solution 2 Cold rinse

Seal Anodize Desmut

Dry Cold rinse Cold rinse
Solution 5 Solution 4 Solution 3

S. Type of solution Composition Temperature Cycle time

No. (mins.)
In °C In °F

1 Alkaline cleaning Alkali,inhibited 60-71 140-160 2-4

2 Chemical brightening H3PO3 & HNO3 88-110 190-230 0.5-5

3 Desmuting HNO3,25-35 vol% Room Room 2

4 Anodizing H2SO4,15 wt% 21-25 70-75 5-60

5 Sealing Water(pH 5.5-6.5) 100 212 5-20

 Pre Anodizing Anodizing Post Anodizing

Hard Anodizing Process:

• The hard anodizing process uses a sulfuric acid bath containing 10 to 20 wt% acid, with
or without additives.

Difference between hard anodizing and sulphuric acid anodizing:

• Different operating temperature.
• the use of addition agents.
• The voltage and current density at which anodizing is accomplished.

 some hard anodizing processes operated at high temperature may result in the formation of soft
and more porous outer layers of the anodic coating.

 A recent development in hard anodizing uses an intermittent pulse current that reduces tank
time and makes it possible to use a 20 vol% sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte.
 Pre Anodizing Anodizing Post Anodizing

Colour Anodizing:
• It consists of filling the pores of the anodic coating, before sealing, with an organic or
inorganic coloring material.
• The depth of dye adsorption depends on the thickness and porosity of the anodic coating.

• Anodizing conditions such as electrolyte composition, voltage, and temperature are important
and must be controlled to obtain shade matching.

Sealing:
• Done by three ways: a cold method, a hot method, or a combination of the two.
• Sealing will be ineffective unless the anodic coating is continuous, smooth.
• Sealing improves resistance against scratching and staining.
• Chromic acid anodized parts are sealed in slightly acidified hot water; pH 4-6.
• Sulfuric acid anodized parts may also be sealed in slightly acidified water (pH 5.5 to 6.5),
at about 93 to 100 °C.
Racks for Anodizing:
• Anodizing racks should be designed for efficiency in loading and unloading of
workpieces.

Important features of racks:

1. The rack must be large enough to carry the correct amount of current to each part attached
to the rack.
2. The rack should enable proper positioning of the parts .
3. The rack must have adequate strength, and sufficient resistance to corrosion and heat.

o Aluminium and titanium are the materials most commonly used for
anodizing racks.
Process Limitations:
• Hard anodizing process is usually limited to alloys containing less than
5% copper and 7% silicon.

• We can not use the chromic acid anodizing process to aluminium casting
alloys containing more than 5% copper and 7.5% of total alloying elements.

• Chromic acid anodic coating increases any irregularities present on the

original surface.
• The processes we used for surface finishing bring foreign materials and makes the
surface irregular and effect the appearance of anodic coating.

• Any attachments to the substrates made of metals other than aluminium

can cause burning and corrosion in surrounding areas.
Evaluation of Anodic coating:

Effectiveness Abrasion Light

Coating
of Sealing Resistance Fastedeness
Thickness

The sulfur dioxide

method can be used
which comprises Abrasion resistance refers
The evaluator measures exposure of the anodic This is to check how
to the ability of an
coating thickness coating for 24 h to adhesive to resist wearing resistant is the coating to
perpendicular to the attack by moist air. due to contact with fading on exposure to
surface of cross section. Coatings that are another surface. light.
incompletely or poorly Penetration testing can be
sealed develop a white done and it can take more
bloom. than 30 h.
 Why do we need anodizing?
Increase corrosion
10
Increase emissivity
resistance
1
Improve decorative Detection of
appearance
2 9 surface flaws

Increase abrasion Permit subsequent

resistance 3 8 plating

7
Increase paint Provide electrical
adhesion 4 insulation

Improve adhesive
bonding 5 6 Improve lubricity
Anodizing of non-aluminium substrates:

Magnesium Titanium Zinc

• Treated in a wide range of

1. Galvanic Method: • Very prone to galling. electrolytes using AC or DC to
• Uses steel cathode to electrically form decorative and protective
• Decorative color coating can be coating.
coupled with magnesium
component to be anodized. achieved.
• Coating colour is dark brown.
• The coating color is either
• Different color shades can be green, gray or brown
obtained by controlling the
2. HAE Method voltage.
3. Dow 17 Method
• Both uses external power source.
• Only difference is Dow 17
coating solution is acidic while
that of HAE is basic.
 YOU
THANK