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    Notes On Applied Geology

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    avula43
    The document provides information on applied geology including definitions of bedding, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphic units, clay minerals, diagenesis, sedimentary rock types, and methods for describing lithology, texture, hardness, porosity, minor constituents, and oil shows in core samples. Key points covered include the classification of stratigraphic units, characteristics of lithostratigraphic units and formations, types of clay minerals, stages of diagenesis, Dunham's textural classification of carbonates, and approaches for evaluating oil staining.

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    Notes On Applied Geology

    Uploaded by

    avula43
    236 views35 pages
    The document provides information on applied geology including definitions of bedding, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphic units, clay minerals, diagenesis, sedimentary rock types, and methods for describing lithology, texture, hardness, porosity, minor constituents, and oil shows in core samples. Key points covered include the classification of stratigraphic units, characteristics of lithostratigraphic units and formations, types of clay minerals, stages of diagenesis, Dunham's textural classification of carbonates, and approaches for evaluating oil staining.

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    GEO

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    The document provides information on applied geology including definitions of bedding, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphic units, clay minerals, diagenesis, sedimentary rock types, and methods for describing lithology, texture, hardness, porosity, minor constituents, and oil shows in core samples. Key points covered include the classification of stratigraphic units, characteristics of lithostratigraphic units and formations, types of clay minerals, stages of diagenesis, Dunham's textural classification of carbonates, and approaches for evaluating oil staining.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    236 views35 pages

    Notes On Applied Geology

    Uploaded by

    avula43
    The document provides information on applied geology including definitions of bedding, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphic units, clay minerals, diagenesis, sedimentary rock types, and methods for describing lithology, texture, hardness, porosity, minor constituents, and oil shows in core samples. Key points covered include the classification of stratigraphic units, characteristics of lithostratigraphic units and formations, types of clay minerals, stages of diagenesis, Dunham's textural classification of carbonates, and approaches for evaluating oil staining.

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    NOTES ON

    APPLIED GEOLOGY
    BEDDING
    • Bed :
    Sedimentation unit
    greater than 1cm.
    • Lamina:
    Sedimentation unit
    smaller than 1cm.
    • Interbedded:
    between two things
    STRATIGRAPHY
    • Stratigraphic unit
    A naturally occuring body of rock or rock
    material which is distinguished from
    adjoining rock on the basis of some stated
    property or properties.
    1. Lithostratigraphic unit.
    2. Biostratigraphic unit.
    3. Chronostratigraphic unit.
    4. Geochronologic unit.
    Lithostratigraphic Unit

    (( is a stratum or body of strata,


    generally layered which conforms
    to the law of superposition and is
    distinguished and delimited on the
    basis of lithic characteristics and
    stratigraphic position.))
    Nature of Lithostratigraphic Units

    • Type section and


    locality.
    • Independence from
    inferred Geologic
    history.
    • Independence from
    time concepts.
    Boundaries

    Are placed at positions of


    lithic change.
     Boundaries in lateral lithologic change.
     Correspondence with generic units.
    Lithostratigraphic boundaries
    Rank of Lithologic Units
    Formation
    It is the fundamental unit in
    lithostratigraphic classification.
    • Content:
    A formation should posses some degree of
    internal homogeneity or distinct features.
    i. One lithic type.
    ii. Repetitions of two or more lithic types.
    iii. Extrem lithic heterogenity.
    • Lithic characteristics.
    • Mappability and thickness.
    Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature

    • Compound character:
    Geographic +Lithic term+ Rank.
    Geographic + Rank.
    Geographic + Lithic + Rank.
    • Use of Simple lithic terms.
    • Misuse of well known name.
    Clay Minerals
    A term reserved for those constituents of a
    clay which give it its plastic properties. They
    are hydrous aluminosilicates.
    • Generally occur as minute, platy, rarely fibrous
    crystals.
    • Some contain loosely bonded cations which can
    be easily exchanged.
    • Ability to loose or take up water.
    • Produced by the degradation of other silicates.
    • Both two and three layered types are known.
    The sheets of clay minerals
    Clay minerals (continue)

    • Layers of Al - O/OH are called “gibbsite”.


    • Layers of Mg – O/OH are called “brucite”.
    • The stacking arrangement of the sheets
    determine the clay mineral type, as does
    the replacement of the Si and Al ions.
    I. Kandit Group
    • Members have two – layered
    structure consisting of a silica
    tetrahedral sheet linked to an
    alumina octahedral sheet by
    common O/OH ions.
    • No replacement occur for Si
    or Al.
    • The structure formula is
    (OH)4Al2Si2O5. e.g Kaolinite
    II. Smectite Group
    • Members have a three –
    layered structure.
    • Have ability for Al and Si
    exchange.
    • Have ability for absorbing
    water.
    • e.g Montmorillonite
    (Mg,Ca)O.Al2O3.5SiO2.nH2O
    Three – layered structure.
    Diagensis
    • Pre-Burial changes: • Early-Burial changes
    1. Burrowing organisms 1. Continuation of 2 & 3.
    effect. 2. Oxidation of carbonaceous
    2. Adjustment to eH and material.
    pH. 3. Continuation of compaction.
    3. Adjustment to major 4. Probable initiation of
    cations. concretions.
    4. Development of 5. Start of primary cementation.
    Authigenic minerals. 6. Some conversation of
    aragonite to calcite, and
    development of dolomite.
    Diagensis (continue)
    • Late – Burial Changes:
    • Cease of eH and pH
    adjustments.
    • Completion of compaction.
    • Authigenic mica & chlorite.
    • Completion of concretions
    development and
    cementation.
    • Replacement of aragonite
    by calcite; dolomitization.
    Sedimentary Rock Types

    Rocks formed from material derived


    from pre-existing rocks by
    processes of denudation, together
    with material of organic origin.
    Lithological Description
    1. Type of formation (Limestone, sandstone,
    shale…).
    2. Colour.
    3. Texture.
    4. Cementing material.
    5. Hardness.
    6. Porosity.
    7. Minor components (accessories).
    8. Staining and fluorescence (oil shows).
    3. Texture
    • Sediments with visible graine size:
    1. Size,
    2. Sorting,
    3. Roundness,
    4. Sphericity.
    • Sediments with crystalline appearance.
    estimate crystallinity:
    1. Microcrystalline
    2. Cryptocrystalline
    3. Succrose
    • Sediments without recognizable size at ordinary
    microscope:
    Descripe the morphology of the cutting.
    Dunham Classification
    • Depositional texture
    not recognized.
    • Crystalline carbonate.
    Depositional texture recognized

    • Depositional texture
    recoginized.
    • Original components
    bound together
    • Boundstone.
    Mud supported
    Grain supported
    Dunham Classification
    Depositional Depositional texture recognisable
    texture not
    recognisable Original Original components not bound together during
    components deposition.
    bound Lacks mud Contain mud (particles<20m)
    together and is grain
    during supported Grain Mud supported
    deposition supported
    > 10% < 10%
    grains grains

    Crystalline Boundstone Grainstone Packstone Wackstone Mud


    carbonate stone
    Dunham Classification
    5. Hardness
    Hardness is a reflection of degree of
    cementation.
    1. Soft or friable
    2. Moderately hard; fairly cemented.
    3. Hard; moderately cemented.
    4. Very hard; well cemented.
    6. Porosity
    • Porosity could be estimated from hardness and
    cementation.
    • Archi classification
     matrix porosity
    I. Compact, dense, hard
    II. Chaiky, earthy, soft.
    III. Sugary, loose, poorly cemented.
     Visible porosity
    A. No visible pores w/ 10x
    B. Visible w/ 10x
    C. Visible w/ eye.
    D. Larger than 2 mm
    7. Minor constituents
    Oil Shows Description
    A. In Normal Light

    • Percentage
     No visible stain
     Poor stain
     Fair stain
     Good stain

    40%
    Oil Shows Description
    A. In Normal Light
    • Distribution
     Uniform Scattered
     Spoty Streaked
    • Shade
     V. Light Light
     Medium Dark
     Very dark
    • Hue
     Green
     Yellow
     Brown
     Black
    Oil Shows Description
    B. Under UV Light

    • Intensity
     No florescence
     Faint
     Dull
     bright
    Oil Shows Description
    B. Under UV light
    • Distribution
     Uniform Scattered
     Spoty Streaked
    • Shade
     V. Light Light
     Medium Dark
     Very dark
    • Hue
     Blue
     white
     Yellow, Orange
     Gold
     Brown
    C. Cuts & D. Residual ring
    • Stream cut: • Allow the solvent to
     Immediate evaporate,
     Fast
     Slow
    describe the
    • Discoloration fluorescence of the
     Very slow ring as well as the
     Slow color of the ring in
     Fast the day light.
    • Crush cut
     Poor
     Fair
     Good

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