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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
INTRODUCTION
 What is finite element analysis, FEM?
 A Brief history of FEM
 What is FEM used for?
 1D Rod Elements, 2D Trusses

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD –
WHAT IS IT?
 The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical
method of solving systems of partial differential
equations (PDEs)
 It reduces a PDE system to a system of algebraic
equations that can be solved using traditional linear
algebra techniques.
 In simple terms, FEM is a method for dividing up a
very complicated problem into small elements that can
be solved in relation to each other.
Overview of the Finite Element
Method
 S   W    G    M 
Strong Weak Galerkin Matrix
form form approx. form
1. Lord John William Strutt Rayleigh (late 1800s), developed a
method for predicting the first natural frequency of simple
structures. It assumed a deformed shape for a structure and
then quantified this shape by minimizing the distributed energy
in the structure.
2. Ritz then exp Walter ended this into a method, now known as
the Rayleigh-Ritz method, for predicting the stress and
displacement behavior of structures.
3. Dr. Ray Clough coined the term “finite element” in 1960. The 1960s saw
the true beginning of commercial FEA as digital computers replaced analog
ones with the capability of thousands of operations per second.
4. In the 1950s, a team form Boeing demonstrated that complex surfaces

could be analyzed with a matrix of triangular shapes.
5. In 1943, Richard Courant proposed breaking a continuous system into

triangular segments. (The unveiling of ENIAC at the University of
Pennsylvania.)
6. In the early 1960s, the MacNeal-Schwendle Corporation (MSC) develop a
general purpose FEA code. This original code had a limit of 68,000
degrees of freedom. When the NASA contract was complete, MSC
continued development of its own version called MSC/NASTRAN, while the
original NASTRAN become available to the public and formed the basis of
dozens of the FEA packages available today. Around the time 6
MSC/NASTRAN was released, ANSYS, MARC, and SAP were introduced.

7. By the 1970s, Computer-aided design, or CAD, was introduced later in the
decade.
8. standards such as IGES and DXF. Permitted limited geometry transfer

between the systems.
9. In the 1980s,CAD progressed from a 2D drafting tool to a 3D surfacing tool,

and then to a 3D sIn the 1980s, the use of FEA and CAD on the same
workstation with developing geometry olid modeling system. Design
engineers began to seriously consider incorporating FEA into the general
product design process.
10. As the 1990s draw to a place, the PC platform has become a major force in
high end analysis. The technology has become to accessible that it is
actually being “hidden” inside CAD packages.
7
BASIC CONCEPTS
 Loads
 
f T Pi
 Equilibrium ~
 ji , j  fi  0
 Boundary conditions
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY
 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
 Total potential energy equation
 Galerkin’s Method
1D ROD ELEMENTS
 To understand and solve 2D and 3D problems we must
understand basic of 1D problems.
 Analysis of 1D rod elements can be done using Rayleigh-Ritz

and Galerkin’s method.
 To solve FEA problems same are modified in the Potential-

Energy approach and Galerkin’s approach
1D ROD ELEMENTS
 Loading consists of three types : body force f , traction force T,

point load Pi
 Body force: distributed force , acting on every elemental

volume of body i.e. self weight of body.
 Traction force: distributed force , acting on surface of body i.e.

frictional resistance, viscous drag and surface shear
 Point load: a force acting on any single point of element

Element -1 Element-2
1D ROD ELEMENTS
1 T e 
 Element strain energy U e  q [k ]q
2
 Element stiffness matrix
E e Ae  1  1
[k ] 
e
 1 1 
le  
 Load vectors
 Element body load vector
 Element traction-force vector e Ae l e f 1
f  
2 1
e Tl e 1
T  
2 1
2D TRUSS
 2 DOF
 Transformations
 Modified Stiffness Matrix
 Methods of Solving
2D TRUSS
 Transformation Matrix
 Direction Cosines
le   x2  x1  2   y 2  y1  2
x 2  x1
l m 0 0  l  cos  
[ L]    le
 0 0 l m 
y 2  y1
m  sin  
le
2D TRUSS
 Element Stiffness Matrix
 l2 lm l2  lm 
 2
E e Ae  lm m2  lm  m 
[k e ] 
l e   l 2  lm l2 lm 
 2 
 lm  m
2
lm m 
METHODS OF SOLVING
 Elimination Approach
 Eliminate Constraints
 Penalty Approach
ELIMINATION METHOD
 Set defection at the constraint to equal zero
ELIMINATION METHOD
 Modified Equation
 DOF’s 1,2,4,7,8 equal to zero
2D TRUSS
 Element Stresses
Ee
  l  m l m q

le
 Element Reaction Forces
 
R   K Q
2D TRUSS
 Development of Tables
 Coordinate Table
 Connectivity Table
 Direction Cosines Table
2D TRUSS
 Coordinate Table
 E.g;
2D TRUSS
 Connectivity Table
 E.g;
2D TRUSS
le   x2  x1  2   y 2  y1  2
x 2  x1
l  cos  
le
y 2  y1
m  sin  
le
3D TRUSS STIFFNESS MATRIX
 3D Transformation Matrix
 Direction Cosines
 l m n 0 0 0
[ L]   
 0 0 0 l m n 
le   x2  x1  2
  y 2  y1    z 2  z1 
2 2
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
l  cos   m  cos   n  cos  
le le le
3D TRUSS STIFFNESS MATRIX
 3D Stiffness Matrix
 l2 lm ln  l 2  lm  ln 
 
 lm m 2
mn  lm  m 2
 mn 
E e Ae  ln mn n 2
 ln  mn  n  2
[k e ]   
l e   l 2  lm  ln l 2
lm ln 
 lm  m 2  mn lm m2 mn 
 
  ln  mn  n
2 2
ln mn n 
EXAMPLE 1D ROD ELEMENTS
Example 1
Problem statement: (Problem 3.1 from Chandrupatla and Belegunda’s
book)
Consider the bar in Fig.1, determine the following by hand calculation:
1) Displacement at point P 2) Strain and stress
3) Element stiffness matrix 4) strain energy in element
Given:
E  30  106 psi q1  0.02in

Ae  1.2 in 2 q2  0.025in
Solution:
1) Displacement (q) at point P
We have
2
 ( x  x1 )  1
( x2  x1 )
2
 (20  15)  1  0.25
(23  15)
Now linear shape functions N1(  ) and N2(  ) are given by

1  1 
N1 ( )   0.375 And N 2 ( )   0.625
2 2
EXAMPLE 2D TRUSS
CONCLUSION
 Good at Hand Calculations, Powerful when applied to

computers
 Only limitations are the computer limitations

MATLAB PROGRAM TRUSS2D.M
REFERENCES

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

 What is finite element analysis, FEM?

 A Brief history of FEM

 What is FEM used for?

 1D Rod Elements, 2D Trusses

4. In the 1950s, a team form Boeing demonstrated that complex surfaces

5. In 1943, Richard Courant proposed breaking a continuous system into

MSC/NASTRAN was released, ANSYS, MARC, and SAP were introduced.

8. standards such as IGES and DXF. Permitted limited geometry transfer

9. In the 1980s,CAD progressed from a 2D drafting tool to a 3D surfacing tool,

 Analysis of 1D rod elements can be done using Rayleigh-Ritz

 To solve FEA problems same are modified in the Potential-

 Loading consists of three types : body force f , traction force T,

 Body force: distributed force , acting on every elemental

 Traction force: distributed force , acting on surface of body i.e.

 Point load: a force acting on any single point of element

 Modified Stiffness Matrix

 Element Stiffness Matrix

E  30  106 psi q1  0.02in

Now linear shape functions N1(  ) and N2(  ) are given by

 Good at Hand Calculations, Powerful when applied to

 Only limitations are the computer limitations

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