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    ADITYA BANERJEE
    The document analyzes the thermal performance of a counterflow cooling tower using Merkel's method. It develops an analytical model to predict the cooling tower's performance based on parameters like flow rate, inlet/outlet water temperatures, and wet bulb temperature. The model discretizes the heat and mass transfer equations and calculates the approach and cold water temperatures at different wet bulb temperatures and flow rates ranging from 80-120% of the design flow rate of 4000 CMH. The results show the cooling tower's demand curve and performance under varying conditions. The model will help accurately predict performance before on-site testing.

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    The document analyzes the thermal performance of a counterflow cooling tower using Merkel's method. It develops an analytical model to predict the cooling tower's performance based on parameters like flow rate, inlet/outlet water temperatures, and wet bulb temperature. The model discretizes the heat and mass transfer equations and calculates the approach and cold water temperatures at different wet bulb temperatures and flow rates ranging from 80-120% of the design flow rate of 4000 CMH. The results show the cooling tower's demand curve and performance under varying conditions. The model will help accurately predict performance before on-site testing.

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    The document analyzes the thermal performance of a counterflow cooling tower using Merkel's method. It develops an analytical model to predict the cooling tower's performance based on parameters like flow rate, inlet/outlet water temperatures, and wet bulb temperature. The model discretizes the heat and mass transfer equations and calculates the approach and cold water temperatures at different wet bulb temperatures and flow rates ranging from 80-120% of the design flow rate of 4000 CMH. The results show the cooling tower's demand curve and performance under varying conditions. The model will help accurately predict performance before on-site testing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views19 pages

    Final

    Uploaded by

    ADITYA BANERJEE
    The document analyzes the thermal performance of a counterflow cooling tower using Merkel's method. It develops an analytical model to predict the cooling tower's performance based on parameters like flow rate, inlet/outlet water temperatures, and wet bulb temperature. The model discretizes the heat and mass transfer equations and calculates the approach and cold water temperatures at different wet bulb temperatures and flow rates ranging from 80-120% of the design flow rate of 4000 CMH. The results show the cooling tower's demand curve and performance under varying conditions. The model will help accurately predict performance before on-site testing.

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    You are on page 1of 19

    Thermal Performance Analysis of

    Counterflow Cooling Tower by


    Merkel’s Method
    Alomoy Banerjee
    Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd, Kolkata
    16th Dec 2020
    What is a Cooling Tower ?
    A cooling tower is a device for evaporative cooling of
    water by direct contact with air.
    Classification of Cooling Towers
    By method of providing air flow
    Mechanical draught

    Natural draught

    By air-water relationship


    Counterflow

    Crossflow
    Counter flow Cooling Tower
    Underlying Principles
    Rate of heat transfer in a cooling tower depends on:
    Surface area of water in contact with air
    Relative velocity of air and water during the contact
    Duration of air-water contact
    Ambient wet bulb temperature is the limiting
    temperature to which water can be cooled.
    Parts of a Cooling Tower
    Research Objective
    The objective of the present research project is to develop an
    analytical model to predict the thermal performance of an
    induced draft counterflow cooling tower as per CTI ATC 105.
    Evaluation of cooling tower performance by using Merkel’s
    analysis and e-NTU analysis.
    The analytical model can solve a long-standing issue of the
    company to predict cooling tower performance accurately,
    before experimentally testing the tower’s performance on-site.
    After development of the model, the output data will be tested
    against experimental data to predict the accuracy of the model.
    Chhattisgarh Project Design Parameters
    Parameters Value
    Design Flow rate 4000 CMH
    Hot Water Temperature (HWT) 42 °C
    Cold Water Temperature (CWT) 32 °C
    Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) 28 °C
    Air Inlet Height 15.3 ft
    Fill Film Type with 0.67 inches Pitch
    Fan Diameter 10 m
    Fan Blades 6
    Fan RPM 114
    Gearbox Ratio 12.93:1
    End Wall Open
    Heat & Mass Balance Conservation
    for Cooling Tower

    Heat in  Heat out


    ( HeatWater  Heatair ) in  ( HeatWater  Heatair ) out
    Cw L2t w 2  Gha1  Cw L1t w1  Gha 2
    Cooling Tower Demand Curve
    • Merkel
    K Equation
    T
    'Y aV L0
    dTL
    L
      ( H 'i  H ' )
    TL1

    • Chebychev Discretization
    Water Side Air Side
    hw1 = CWT+0.1 X Range ha1= hwbt +0.1X L/G X Range
    hw2 = CWT+0.4 X Range ha2= hwbt +0.4X L/G X Range
    hw3 = CWT+0.6 X Range ha3= hwbt +0.6X L/G X Range
    hw4 = CWT+0.9 X Range ha4= hwbt +0.9X L/G X Range

    Range 1 1 1 1
    Kav / L  X(    )
    4 hw1  ha1 hw 2  ha 2 hw3  ha 3 hw 4  ha 4
    Cooling Tower Demand Curve at Design
    Conditions
    Cooling Tower Performance at 100%
    Flow 100% Flow
    80% Range 100% Range 120% Range
    100% Flow
    WBT (°C) 36
    Approach CWT Approach CWT Approach CWT
    (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
    18.50 6.66 25.16 7.61 26.11 8.38 26.88

    Cold Water Temperature (°C)


    19.50 6.29 25.79 7.18 26.68 7.92 27.42 34
    20.50 5.93 26.43 6.76 27.27 7.47 27.97
    21.50 5.55 27.05 6.37 27.87 7.02 28.53
    22.50 5.22 27.72 5.97 28.47 6.59 29.09 32
    23.50 4.88 28.38 5.58 29.08 6.17 29.67
    24.50 4.55 29.05 5.22 29.72 5.77 30.27
    25.50 4.25 29.75 4.86 30.36 5.38 30.88 30
    26.50 3.92 30.43 4.51 31.01 4.98 31.48
    27.50 3.65 31.15 4.19 31.69 4.63 32.13
    28.50 3.35 31.85 3.85 32.35 4.28 32.78 28
    29.50 3.10 32.60 3.56 33.06 3.92 33.43
    30.50 2.82 33.33 3.25 33.76 3.62 34.12
    31.50 2.60 34.10 2.98 34.48 3.29 34.79
    26
    32.50 2.35 34.86 2.70 35.21 3.01 35.51 24 26 28 30 32
    33.50 2.13 35.64 2.46 35.96 2.72 36.22 Wet Bulb Temperature(°C)
    34.50 1.94 36.44 2.20 36.70 2.47 36.97
    35.50 1.71 37.22 2.00 37.50 2.20 37.70
    36.50 1.55 38.05 1.77 38.27 1.98 38.49
    37.50 1.39 38.89 1.58 39.08 1.75 39.25
    L/G at 90% and 110% of Design Flow
    Cooling Tower Performance at 90% Flow
    90% Flow
    80% Range 100% Range 120% Range 90% Flow
    WBT (°C) Approach CWT Approach CWT Approach CWT 36
    (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
    18.50 5.73 24.23 6.56 25.06 7.25 25.75

    Cold Water Temperature (°C)


    19.50 5.39 24.89 6.17 25.67 6.83 26.33 34

    20.50 5.04 25.54 5.80 26.30 6.41 26.91


    21.50 4.73 26.23 5.42 26.93 6.00 27.50
    32
    22.50 4.40 26.91 5.06 27.56 5.60 28.10
    23.50 4.11 27.61 4.72 28.23 5.23 28.73
    24.50 3.81 28.31 4.38 28.88 4.86 29.36 30
    25.50 3.54 29.04 4.06 29.57 4.50 30.00
    26.50 3.26 29.76 3.75 30.26 4.17 30.67
    28
    27.50 3.01 30.51 3.45 30.95 3.83 31.33
    28.50 2.74 31.24 3.17 31.67 3.52 32.02
    29.50 2.52 32.03 2.89 32.40 3.22 32.72 26
    24 26 28 30 32
    30.50 2.28 32.78 2.64 33.14 2.93 33.43 Wet Bulb Temperature(°C)
    31.50 2.08 33.58 2.39 33.90 2.66 34.16
    32.50 1.88 34.38 2.15 34.66 2.40 34.91
    33.50 1.66 35.16 1.95 35.45 2.15 35.66
    34.50 1.52 36.02 1.72 36.23 1.94 36.44
    35.50 1.35 36.85 1.55 37.05 1.70 37.20
    36.50 1.17 37.67 1.38 37.88 1.53 38.03
    37.50 1.04 38.54 1.19 38.69 1.34 38.85
    Cooling Tower Performance at 110% Flow
    110% Flow
    80% Range 100% Range 120% Range
    WBT
    (°C) Approac CWT Approac CWT Approac CWT 38 110% Flow
    h (°C) (°C) h (°C) (°C) h (°C) (°C)
    18.50 7.57 26.07 8.61 27.11 9.44 27.94

    Cold Water Temperature (°C)


    19.50 7.15 26.65 8.15 27.65 8.95 28.45 36

    20.50 6.76 27.26 7.70 28.20 8.47 28.97


    21.50 6.38 27.88 7.26 28.76 8.00 29.50 34
    22.50 6.00 28.50 6.84 29.34 7.54 30.04
    23.50 5.62 29.13 6.43 29.93 7.08 30.58
    32
    24.50 5.28 29.78 6.02 30.53 6.64 31.14
    25.50 4.93 30.43 5.63 31.13 6.21 31.72
    26.50 4.60 31.10 5.26 31.77 5.81 32.31 30
    27.50 4.28 31.78 4.89 32.40 5.41 32.91
    28.50 3.96 32.46 4.54 33.04 5.01 33.51
    28
    29.50 3.68 33.18 4.21 33.71 4.65 34.15 24 26 28 30 32
    30.50 3.37 33.87 3.87 34.37 4.29 34.79 Wet Bulb Temperature(°C)
    31.50 3.12 34.62 3.57 35.07 3.93 35.44
    32.50 2.83 35.34 3.26 35.76 3.62 36.12
    33.50 2.60 36.10 2.98 36.49 3.29 36.79
    34.50 2.36 36.86 2.70 37.21 3.00 37.51
    35.50 2.13 37.63 2.46 37.96 2.71 38.21
    36.50 1.93 38.43 2.19 38.70 2.45 38.95
    37.50 1.70 39.21 1.99 39.49 2.18 39.69
    Project Specific Test Parameters
    Parameters Specifications
    Cooling Tower Test Site Chhattisgarh
    Test Date 17th-19th March 2020
    Test Engineers 1. Mr. Alomoy Banerjee
    2. Mr. Anindya Sundar Giri
    Test Code CTI ATC 105 Class A
    Thermometer Mercury-in-Glass (Technisys Make)
    Flow Measuring Device Pitot Tube (Nanda Manufacturing Make)
    Wet Bulb Temperature Measurement Device Cooling Tower Psychrometer ( Kaizen Imperial Make)

    Fan Power Measurement Device Wattmeter (Lutron Make with LSI circuit)
    Recorded Data vs. Predicted Data
    110% Flow 90% Flow
    100% Range 80% Range
    Error Error
    WBT (°C) Predicted Percentage WBT (°C) Predicted
    CWT Site CWT Percentage
    (%) CWT Site CWT (%)
    (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
    26.50 31.77 32.15 1.2% 28.50 31.24 31.49 0.8%
    27.50 32.40 31.95 1.4% 29.50 32.03 31.87 0.5%
    28.50 33.04 32.91 0.4% 27.50 30.51 31.12 1.9%

    100% Flow
    100% Range
    Error
    WBT (°C) Predicted Percentage
    CWT Site CWT (%)
    (°C) (°C)
    26.50 30.43 30.89 1.5%
    27.50 31.15 30.98 0.5%
    28.50 31.85 31.98 0.4%
    Thank You

    Alomoy Banerjee

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