Turbo Charger1

Turbo Charger
• The turbocharger was invented by Swiss engineer

Alfred Buchi in 1907
• 27 to 38% of energy is carried in the engine exhaust
• This energy can be used for improving the power

output of the engine
Compressed air out
Central assembly
Turbine
Impeller
Air in
Exht. out
Shaft
Exhaust in
• A turbocharger is an exhaust gas-driven compressor
used to increase the power output of an internal-
combustion engine by compressing air that is entering the
engine thus increasing the amount of available oxygen
• A key advantage of turbochargers is that they offer a

considerable increase in engine power with only a slight
increase in weight
• A turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from an internal

combustion engine, to spin the second main part, an
impeller whose function is to force more air into the pump's
intake, or air supply
• The third basic part is a center hub rotating assembly

which contains bearing, lubrication, cooling, and a shaft
that directly connects the turbine and impeller
• The shaft, bearing, impeller, and turbine can rotate at

80,000 and 150,000 revolutions per minute (RPM)
Process layout :
• The lubrication system can be either a closed system or be
fed from the engine's oil supply
• By spinning at a relatively high speed the compressor turbine

draws in a large volume of air and forces it into the engine
• As the turbocharger's output flow volume exceeds the

engine's volumetric flow, air pressure in the intake system
begins to build, often called boost
• The speed at which the assembly spins is proportional to the

pressure of the compressed air and total mass of air flow
being moved
• Turbine wheels can be made of steel or ceramic blades, but

ceramic is preferred because it is lightweight meaning it will
spin faster and prevent turbo lag
Details of parts:
From : http://auto.howstuffworks.com/turbo4.htm
• Since a turbo can spin to RPMs far beyond what is
needed, or of what it is safely capable of, the speed
must be controlled
• A wastegate is the most common mechanical speed

control system, and is often further augmented by an
electronic boost controller
• The main function of a wastegate is to allow some of

the exhaust to bypass the turbine when the set intake
pressure is achieved
• The exhaust valve should opened much before the

bottom dead center to supply sufficient energy for the
turbo
• The loss in early opening is over come by excess

charging
Intercooler:
• Also known as a charge air cooler, intercoolers decrease the

temperature of the incoming compressed air.
• The intercooler is comprised of bars, louvres, passageways,

and fins that the compressed air travels through
• The engine fan keeps the intercooler cool as the hot

compressed air passes through.
• Intercoolers are vital because hot air expands and if the

intercooler keeps the compressed air cool, the air becomes
more compact (providing more air to fuel ratio in the cylinder
which yields more power).
Intercooler:
Turbo
Parts
LAG
• lag is sometimes felt by the driver of a turbocharged
vehicle as a delay between pushing on the accelerator
pedal and feeling the turbo kick-in
• This is symptomatic of the time taken for the exhaust

system driving the turbine to come to high pressure and
for the turbine rotor to overcome its rotational inertia and
reach the speed necessary to supply boost pressure
• The directly-driven compressor in a positive-displacement

supercharger does not suffer this problem. (Centrifugal
superchargers do not build boost at low RPMs like a
positive displacement supercharger will)
• Conversely on light loads or at low RPM a turbocharger

supplies less boost and the engine is more efficient than a
supercharged engine.
“Knocking”:
• Knocking is when the air and fuel combination in the cylinder
combusts before the spark plug actually ignites it, throwing off the
synchronization between the turbocharger and the engine.
• This is due to the extreme temperatures and highly compressed air.
• Knocking reduces the full rotation of the piston, limiting the car’s
performance.
Solutions:
• Waste gate assists in preventing knocking by monitoring how much
pressure is in the turbine.
• When too much pressure is in the turbine section, the waste gate
releases extra exhaust to slow down the speed of the turbine wheel.
• Intercoolers prevent knocking as well by keeping the temperature of
the compressed air low.
Turbo Maintenance
• Turbochargers can be damaged by dirty or ineffective oil
• Manufacturers recommend more frequent oil changes for

turbocharged engines
• Some companies recommend using synthetic oils, which

tend to flow more readily when cold and do not break
down as quickly as conventional oils
• Turbocharger can get hot when running, many

recommend letting the engine idle for one to three
minutes before shutting the engine
• Most manufacturers specify a 10-second period of idling

before switching off to ensure the turbocharger is running
at its idle speed to prevent damage to the bearings when
the oil supply is cut off
Methods of Turbo Charging
Methods of turbo charging
1. Constant pressure type
2. Pulse type
3. Pulse converted type

Turbine Types
• Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT)
• Variable Area Turbine Nozzle (VATN)
• Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG)
• Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)
• Variable Vane Turbine (VVT)

Effects of Turbo charging
• Higher power out put

• Mass of charge inducted is greater
• Better atomization of fuel
• Better mixing of fuel and air
• Combustion is more complete and smoother
• Can use inferior fuels
• Scavenging of products is better
• Improved torque over the whole speed and range
• Quicker acceleration is possible
• Reduction in diesel knock tendency and smoother
operation
• Improved cold starting
• Eliminates exhaust smoke
• Lowers specific fuel consumption in turbo charging
• Increased mechanical efficiency
Limitations
• Increased thermal stress

• Increase turbulance may increase heat losses
• Increased gas loading
• Valve overlap period has to be increased to about 60 to
80 degrees of crank angle
• Necessities better cooling of pistons and valves
• Increased detonation tendency in SI engines

Turbo Charger1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Turbo Charger1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Turbo Charger1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Turbo Charger

• The turbocharger was invented by Swiss engineer

• 27 to 38% of energy is carried in the engine exhaust

• This energy can be used for improving the power

• A key advantage of turbochargers is that they offer a

• A turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from an internal

• The third basic part is a center hub rotating assembly

• The shaft, bearing, impeller, and turbine can rotate at

• By spinning at a relatively high speed the compressor turbine

• As the turbocharger's output flow volume exceeds the

• The speed at which the assembly spins is proportional to the

• Turbine wheels can be made of steel or ceramic blades, but

• A wastegate is the most common mechanical speed

• The main function of a wastegate is to allow some of

• The exhaust valve should opened much before the

• The loss in early opening is over come by excess

• Also known as a charge air cooler, intercoolers decrease the

• The intercooler is comprised of bars, louvres, passageways,

• The engine fan keeps the intercooler cool as the hot

• Intercoolers are vital because hot air expands and if the

• This is symptomatic of the time taken for the exhaust

• The directly-driven compressor in a positive-displacement

• Conversely on light loads or at low RPM a turbocharger

• Turbochargers can be damaged by dirty or ineffective oil

• Manufacturers recommend more frequent oil changes for

• Some companies recommend using synthetic oils, which

• Turbocharger can get hot when running, many

• Most manufacturers specify a 10-second period of idling

Methods of turbo charging

1. Constant pressure type

3. Pulse converted type

• Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT)

• Variable Area Turbine Nozzle (VATN)

• Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG)

• Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)

• Variable Vane Turbine (VVT)

• Higher power out put

• Increased thermal stress

You might also like