The Contemporary World

The
Contemporary World
Activity 1:
Let us construct a working
definition
What word/s can you think
of when you hear the word
GLOBAL?
Why Globalization?
• Globalization is a thriving
topic today.
• Global structures and
processes influence our
everyday lives.
GLOBALIZATION
• Effect of Industrial
Revolution
• Shattering cultures
Industrial Revolution
• - is the transition of
new manufacturing
processes started in
Europe and U.S.
GLOBALIZATION
• The process of world shrinkage, of
distances getting shorter, things moving
closer. It pertains to the increasing ease
with which somebody on one side of the
world can interact, to mutual benefit with
somebody on the other side of the world.
- Thomas Larsson (2001), Swedish
journalist
• Occurring through and with
regression, colonialism,
and destabilization
• Colonization ( for Martin
Khor, former President of
Third World Network in
Malaysia
Globalization Theories
•Homogeneity
•Heterogeneity
Homogeneity
• This refers to the increasing
sameness in the world as cultural
inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies
expand to create common
practices, same economies, and
similar forms of government.
• Homogeneity in culture is
often linked to cultural
imperialism. This means, a
given culture influences other
culture.
• Examples: Christianity,
Americanization, Global
economic crises
According to Ritzer
• The contemporary world is
undergoing the process of
McDonaldization.
• McDonaldization is the process by
which Western societies are
dominated by the principles of fast
food restaurants.
• McDonaldization
involves the global
spread of rational
systems such as
efficiency, calculability,
predictability, and
control.
Heterogeneity
• This pertains to the creation of various
cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of
elements from different societies in the world.
It refers to the differences because of either
lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures which can be
produced through the different transplanetary
processes.
Dynamics of Local and Global
Culture
• Cultural differentialism
• Cutural hybridization
• Cultural convergence
Cultural Differentialism
• Cultural
Differentialism involves barriers
that prevent flows that serve to
make alike; Culture tend to
remain stubbornly different
from one another.
Cultural Hybridization
• The process by which
a cultural element blends
into another culture by
modifying the element to
fit cultural norms.
Cultural Convergence
Cultural convergence is the theory that
two cultures will be more and more
like each other as their interactions
increase. Basically, the more that
cultures interact, the more that their
values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and
customs will start to reflect each other.
Classifications of Globalization
• 1. broad and inclusive
• 2. narrow and exclusive
The Globalization of Religion
Characteristics of Globalization
Trend
• Internationalizing of production
• The new international division of labor
• New migratory movements from South to
North
• The new competitive environment that
accelerates these processes, and
• the internationalizing of the state…making
these states into agencies of the globalizing
world.
Globalization is…
• A transplanetary process or set of
processes involving increasing
liquidity and the growing
multidirectional flows of people,
objects, places, and information as
well as the structures they encounter
and create that are barriers to, or
expedite, those flows…”
- Ritzer (2015)
• It is shaped by the
perspective of the person
who defines it.
• Globalization is the debate
and the debate is
globalization.
• Globalization is a reality.
Metaphors of Globalization
• Solid and liquid
• Flows
Solid and Liquid
• Solidity refers to barriers that
prevent or make difficult the
movement of things. Solids can
be either natural(landforms and
bodies of water) or man-made
(ex. Great Wall and Berlin Wall).
• Modern Man-Made Solid – China
and West Philippine Sea
Liquidity
• Refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things,
information, and places in the
contemporary world.
• Ex. changes in stock market in
seconds
• You Tube/Facebook videos easily
becoming viral
Liquidity
• Today’s liquid phenomena change
quickly and its aspects making
space and time crucial to
globalization.
• It is the one increasing and
proliferating today for liquids flow.
Flows
• Movement of people,
things, places, and
information brought by
growing “porosity” of
global limitations
Examples of Flows
• Patronizing foreign cuisines
• American financial crisis in Europe in
2008
• Poor illegal migrants flooding many
parts of the world
• Virtual flow of legal and illegal
information such as blogs,
pornography
What is the
meaning of
Contemporary
World?
The Contemporary World
• Contemporary meaning:
• 1. existing or happening now:
• 2. belonging to the same or a
stated period in the past:
• 3. someone living during the
same period
• What is your own definition of
globalization?
• How does globalization affect
our contemporary world
today?
• Explain the liquidity, solidity
and flows of globalization?
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION
The five different perspectives regarding
the origins of globalization are:
1. Hardwired
2. Cycles
3. Epoch
4. Events
5. Broader , More Recent Changes
Hardwired
• According to Nayan Chanda
(2007), it is our basic human
need to make our lives better
that made globalization possible.
• -Started from our ancestors in
Africa who walked out from the
said continent in the late Ice Age.
• This long journey finally led them to
all-known continents today, roughly
after 50,000 years.
• Chanda mentioned that commerce,
religion, politics, and warfare are the
“urges” of people toward a better life.
• These are connected to the 4 aspects
of globalization: trade, missionary
work, adventures and conquest.
Cycles
• For some, globalization is a long-
term cyclical process and thus,
finding its origin will be a
daunting task. What is important,
are the cycles globalization has
gone through. (may appear or
disappear)
Epoch
• Are also called “waves”
and each has its own
origin.
Sequence of Epochs
• 1. Globalization of religion (4th-7th
Centuries)
• 2. European colonial conquests (late
15 century)
th
• 3. Intra-European wars (late 18th –

early 19th centuries)
• 4. Heyday of European
imperialism (mid-19th
Century to 1918)
• 5. Post-World War II
period
• 6. Post-Cold War period
Events
• Gibbon (1998) – argued that Roman conquests
centuries before Christ are its origin.
• From Economist Magazine (2006, January 12)
– rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into
Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century.
• Rosenthal (2007) – voyages of Christopher
Columbus’s discovery of America in 1942,
Cape of Good Hope, Ferdinand Magellan
1522.
Events
Technological advances in transportation
and communication
- First transatlantic telephone cable (1956)
- First transatlantic television broadcasts
(1962)
- Founding of the modern internet (1988)
- Twin Tower terrorists attack (2001)
Broader, More Recent Changes
• Scholars today point these three notable
changes as the origin of globalization that we
know today.
• 1. The emergence of the United States as the
global power (Post-World War II)
• 2. The emergence of multinational
corporations (MNCs)
• 3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end
of the Cold War.
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