Course : MATH6031 - Calculus

Year : 2015

Application of Integral
Session 19 - 22
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been

adapted from:

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole.
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46579-7

Chapter 5
 Learning Objectives

LO 2 : 
LO 2 : 
Use
Usethe
thebasic
basicconcepts
conceptsofofintegral
integral
for
forsome
someapplication
application
 Content

• Volumes of solid
1

• Length of a plane curve

2

• Moments
3

4
 The photograph shows
the Jacqueline Kennedy
Onassis Reservoir
(formerly the Central
Park Reservoir). Built
between 1858 and
1862, it is located
between 86th Street
and 96th Street in the
borough of Manhattan
in New York City. In this
session we will use
calculus to help us
estimate the surface
area of the reservoir.
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 A Real-Life Interpretation

Two cars are traveling in adjacent lanes along a straight

stretch of a highway. The velocity functions for Car A and
Car B are f(t) and g(t), respectively.

Intuitively, the area of the region S between the graphs of

f and g on the interval [0,b] gives the distance that Car A
will be ahead
of Car B at time t = b.
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Area of a Region Between
Two Curves

7
 Area of a Region Between
Two Curves

If the region S is just the If the region S is just the

region under the graph of f region upper the graph of g
on [a,b], then the area is on [a,b], then the area is

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 Finding the Area Between
Two Curves

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 Example 1

Find the area of the region between the graphs of y = x 2 +2

and y = x -1 and the vertical lines x = -1 and x = 2.

Solution
Observe that the graph of
y = x2 +2 lies above that of
y = x -1.

Therefore, if we let f(x) = x2 +2

and g(x) = x -1, then
f(x) ≥ g(x) on [-1,2]

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 Example 2 (1/2)

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x =

y2 and y = x -2.

Solution
The region S is shown in Figure.
The points of intersection of the two
curves are found by solving the
equations x = y2 and y = x -2
simultaneously. The point are (1,1)
and (4,2).
This observation suggests that we consider the area of to
be the sum of the areas of S1 and S2.
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 Example 2 (2/2)

If the area S1 is A1 and the area of S2 is A2, then the region S is

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 Integrating with Respect to y

The region S bounded by the

graphs of x = f(y) and x = g(y),

where f(y) ≥ g(y), and the
horizontal lines y = c and y = d,
where c ≤ d, as shown in Figure.

This suggests that the area of S is

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 Example 3

Find the area of the region of

Example 2 by integrating with
respect to y.

Solution
View the region S as being
bounded by the graphs of the
functions f(y) = y + 2, g(y) = y2,
and the horizontal lines y = -1 and y = 2. Observe that
f(y) ≥ g(y) for y in [-1,2].

14
 What Happens When
the Curves Intertwine?

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 Example 4 (1/3)

Find the area of the region S bounded by the graphs of y =

cos x and y = (2/π)x – 1 and the vertical lines x = 0 and x =
π.

Solution
To find the points of intersection of the graphs of y = cos x
and y = (2/π)x – 1 , we solve the two equations
simultaneously.
Substituting the first equation
into
the second, we obtain

We see that x = π /2 is the only

solution of the equation. 16
 Example 4 (2/3)

Referring to Figure, we see that the areas A1 and A2 of the

subregions S1 and S2 are

17
 Example 4 (3/3)

Therefore, the required area is

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 Example 5:
Elastic Hysteresis (1/2)
Figure shows a stress–strain curve for a sample of
vulcanized rubber that has been stretched to seven times
its original length. The function f whose graph is the upper
curve gives the relationship between the stress and the
strain as the load (the stress) is applied to the material.
Because the material is elastic, the rubber returns to its
original length when the load is removed.
However, when the load is
decreased, the graph of f is not
retraced. Instead, the stress–
strain curve given by the graph
of the function g is obtained.

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 Example 5:
Elastic Hysteresis (2/2)

The lack of coincidence of the curves for increasing and

decreasing stress is known as elastic hysteresis. The
graphs of f and g on the interval [0,700] form the
hysteresis loop for the material. It can be shown that the
area of the region enclosed by the hysteresis loop is
proportional to the energy dissipated within the rubber.

Thus, the elastic hysteresis of the rubber is given by

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 Volume

In the previous slide, we saw the role played by the definite

integral in finding the area of plane regions.

In the next slide, we will see how the definite integral can
be
used to help us find the volumes of solids such as those
shown in Figure. 21
 Solids of Revolution

A solid of revolution is a solid obtained by revolving a

region in the plane about a line in the plane. The line is
called the axis of revolution.

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 Volume of a Solid of Revolution

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 Volume by Disk Method (x-axis)

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 Example 6

Find the volume of the solid

obtained by revolving the region
under the graph of y = √x on [0,2]
about the x-axis.

Solution

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 Example 7

By revolving the region under the

graph of on [-r,r], show
that the volume of a sphere of
radius r is

Solution

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 Volume by Disk Method (y-axis)

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 Example 8

Find the volume of the solid obtained

by revolving the region bounded by the
graphs of y = x3, y = 8, and x = 0 about
the y-axis.

Solution

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 The Washer Method

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 Example 9

The volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region

bounded by y = √x and y = x about the x-axis is

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 The Arc Length Formula

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 Example 10: Distance
Traveled by a Tanker (1/2)

The graph C of the equation

y = x3/2/4 gives the course taken
by an oil tanker after leaving
port, which is taken to be
located at the origin of a
coordinate system.
(See Figure.)

Find the distance traveled by the tanker when it reaches a

point on the course that is located 4 mi to the east and 2 mi
to the north of the port.

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 Example 10: Distance
Traveled by a Tanker (2/2)

Solution
We first find

Then

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 Arc Length Function

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 Arc Length Differentials

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 Surfaces of Revolution

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 Example 11

Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph

of
f(x) = √x on the interval [0,2] about the x-axis.

Solution
We have . We find that the required area is
given by

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 Surfaces of Revolution

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 Example 12

The area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph of

x = y3 on the interval [0,1] about the y-axis is

Using substitution method, we obtain

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 Work

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 Example 13

Find the work done by the force F(x) = 3x2 + x (measured

in pounds) in moving a particle along the x-axis from x =
2 to x = 4 (measured in feet).

Solution

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 Example 14: Hooke’s Law (1/2)

A force of 30 N is required to
stretch a spring 4 cm beyond
its natural length of 18 cm. Find
the work required to stretch the
spring from a length of 20 cm
to a length of 24 cm.

Solution
According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to stretch
the spring meters beyond its natural length is
F(x) = kx
Since a 30-N force is required to stretch the spring 4 cm =
0.04 m, beyond its natural length, we see that k = 750.

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 Example 14: Hooke’s Law (2/2)

Therefore, F(x) = 750x for this spring.

We find that the work required to stretch the spring

from 20 cm to 24 cm is

or 1.2 J

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 Example 15:
A ship’s anchor (1/2)

A ship’s anchor, weighing 800 lb, is attached to a chain that

weighs 10 lb per running foot. Find the work done by the
winch if the anchor is pulled in from a height of 20 ft.

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 Example 15:
A ship’s anchor (2/2)

Assume that WA is the work required to hoist the anchor to

the top of the ship. Observe that the force required to lift
the anchor is 800 lb and that it will be applied over a
distance of 20 ft. Therefore,

Wc is the work required to pull the cable to the top of the

ship.

or 2000 ft-lb. So the work required to pull in the anchor

from a height of 20 ft is

or 18000 ft-lb
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 Moments Center of
Mass of Laminas (1/2)

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 Moments Center of
Mass of Laminas (2/2)

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 Example 17 (1/2)

A lamina L of uniform area density ρ has the shape of the

region R under the graph of f(x) = x2 on [0,2]. (See Figure
10.) Find the mass of L, the moments of L about each of
the coordinate axes, and the center of mass of L.

Solution
We find that the mass of the lamina is

48
 Example 17 (2/2)

The moments of L are

Finally, the coordinates of the center of

mass of L are

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 Example 18 (1/2)

The points of intersection of the two graphs g(x) = x2 – 3 and

f(x) = -x2 + 2x + 1 are (-1,-2) and (2,1). So the area A of R
is

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 Example 18 (2/2)

The centroid of the region R:

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 Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.
Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13: 978-0-

534-46579-7

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