The Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
The Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
The Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
Pineal Gland
-Role Melatonin
--Mammals : Regulate
reproductive activity in
response to environmental
light cycles
e.g. Some mammals mate in
summer (lot of light), while
others mate in winter (low
light).
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Thyroid Gland
-Triiodothyronine (T3)
-Thyroxine (T4)
Regulate body metabolism and are
important in bone growth and maturation
of the brain
-Congenital lack of thyroid hormones:
Cretinism.
-Calcitonin
Acts by reducing calcium levels
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Parathyroid Gland
-Parathyroid Hormone
(antagonize Calcitonin)
Thymus Gland
-Thymosin : Stimulates the
production of Lymphocytes
Heart
-Granular cells in the heart muscle
secrete Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
Gastrointestinal Hormones
-The mucosa of the GI tract secretes a
dozen PEPTIDE hormones
3 most important:
1. Secretin : Secreted in the small intestine
Stimulates the secretion of
pancreatic bicarbonate and has
other functions on digestion
2. Gastrin: Secreted in the walls of stomach
Stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion
stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
3. Cholecystokinin : Secreted in the small intestine
Stimulate gall bladder contraction
Stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Pancreas
Endocrine cells in the pancreas secrete
2 major types of hormones
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
1. Adrenaline
2. Noradrenaline
The Endocrine Glands & their Hormones
Adrenal Cortex
Androgen Influence sexual differentiation
and bodily changes during puberty
Estrogen
Stress Hormone, converts stored
proteins to carbohydrate during stress.
Antiinflammatory and
Immunosuppressive functions.
Adrenal Medulla
Gonads ; Testes
The male gonads : produces Androgens
Gonads ; Ovaries
2 major classes of hormones
ESTROGENS
PROGESTINS
Gonads ; Ovaries
PROGESTIN : Progesterone
Placenta
-Hormones secreted by the fertilized egg
(Used in pregnancy tests)
Also called
the HYPOPHYSIS
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
-HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY
connection
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
ANATOMY
ADENOhypophysis NEUROhypophysis
-3 parts
PVN SON
-Neuroscretory Cells
-Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
-Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
-Hormones secreted
AXONS
-OXYTOCIN
-VASOPRESSIN
Attaches the
hypothalamus to the
pituitary. Also called
the Infundibulum
Neurohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
PVN SON
AXONS -OXYTOCIN :
2 main functions
Attaches the
hypothalamus to the --> promotes uterine contractions
pituitary. Also called --> stimulates milk ejection from
the Infundibulum mammary glands during
lactation
Neurohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
PVN SON
-VASOPRESIN :
--> Neurophysins
Neurohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (ANTERIOR)
Adenohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
Adenohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
3 last hormones=
….gonadotropic hormones
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
3 last hormones=
….gonadotropic hormones
Adenohypophysis : 6 hormones
3 last hormones=
….gonadotropic hormones
6. Prolactin (PRL)
AXONS
Role : Initiates milk synthesis in
mammary glands
Attaches the
hypothalamus to the Other functions related to
pituitary. Also called growth & parental behavior
the Infundibulum
Interaction with serotonin also
(important in depression)
Adenohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
--> beta-endorphin
Adenohypophysis
The Pituitary Gland & its Hormone
Pars Intermedia :