Soft Tissue Manipulation: Kushmitha. B MPT-1 Year

SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION
KUSHMITHA. B
MPT- 1ST YEAR
SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION
• Soft tissue manipulation is an ancient healing art, it is a form of tissue

manipulation which has been developed over thousands of years from ancient
to China to present today it has been used for the promotion and restoration
of health
• WHAT IS MASSAGE / SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION?
• It is the use of hands, or mechanical means, to manipulate the soft tissues of
the body, particularly muscles
• It can be used for relaxation, stimulation or rehabilitation of the whole body
or part of it
• It promotes suppleness of the muscles, improves circulation and reduce stress
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
• It is not a technique derived from one culture but from many,

people the world over used touch as a form of communication,
comfort and defence throughout the history
• History of massage – begins well before recorded history even with
animals
• Importance of touch in mammalian development
• Touch “automatically” used to relieve pain.
ORIGIN OF WORD
• The origin of the word massage can be traced to at

least 5 sources:
• The Greek root masso, or massein, which means to
touch or to handle but also to knead or to squeeze.
• The Latin root massa comes directly from the Greek
masso and has the same meaning.
• The Arabic root massh, or mass, means to press softly.
• The Sanskrit word makeh also means to press softly
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF MASSAGE
• The historical development of massage can be studied under 3 heading:

 Ancient time
 Medieval time and
 Modern time
• Its value as a therapy has been utilised throughout history by primitive peoples and by
many civilizations, from the Chinese almost 5000 years ago to the Hindus of India, the
Japanese, the Thai and the ancient Egyptians, some time later.
• The Greeks and the Romans were also proponents of massage.
• Hippocrates (460 – 377 bc ) described its medical uses.
• The Roman Bath concept, where massage played an important part, was preserved in
Turkey long after the fall of the Roman Empire.
• Not much documentary evidence is available on the use of massage in the Middle Ages
MASSAGE IN ANCIENT TIMES
• In the British Museum, records reveal that the Chinese practiced massage as
early as 3000 B.C – before the mention of Accupuncture
• The ancient Chinese called their technique ‘ Amma ‘ / Anmo
• It was used for the promotion and restoration of health as well as for relaxation
• Much later Amma evolved into shiatsu in Japan
• A more modern term for Chinese medical massage is tui-na (TOOY-nah),
which literally means “push-pull
JAPANESE TSUBO AND SHIATSU
• The practice of the anmo method of massage entered Japan around

the sixth century A.D.
• The points of stimulation remained much the same as the Chinese
pressure points but were called tsubo (TSOO-boh).
• Massage technique from in which points of Stimulation are pressed
to affect the circulation of fluids and ki (life force
energy)and stimulate nerves in a finger pressure
technique that the Japanese called Shiatsu
(shee-AHTsoo).
SHIATSU
INDIAN AND HINDU PRACTICES
• Massage has been practiced on the Indian subcontinent for more than
.
3,000years.
• Knowledge of massage came to India from the Chinese and was an
important part of the Hindu tradition.
• The Ayur-Veda (Art of Life), a sacred book of the Hindus written
approximately 1800 B.C., included massage treatments among its
hygienic principles.
• IN INDIA – Massage was informed by early anatomical and energy
concepts ( Nadis, Chakras and Kundalini)
• TSCHANPUA -It is a Hindu technique of massage in the bath
• Tschanpua included kneading the extremities, tapotement, frictioning,,
and cracking the joints of the fingers, toes, and neck
GREEK MASSAGE AND GYMNASTICS
• From the East, the practice of massage spread to Europe and is thought to have
flourished well before 300 B.C.
• Gymnasium is a center where exercise and massage are combined to treat disease
and promote health.
• Asclepius, who lived in the seventh century B.C., was the first in a long line of Greek
physicians have combined exercise and massage to create gymnastics and founded the
first gymnasium to treat disease and promote health
• Herodicus – fifth century physician and teacher of Hippocrates, wrote about the
benefits of massage and
• His student Hippocrates – known as the Father of Medicine , thought that all
physicians should be trained in massage as a method of healing.
• He mentioned - Anatripsis - is the art of rubbing a body part upward.
ROMAN ART OF MASSAGE AND
THERAPEUTIC BATHING
• The Romans acquired the practice of therapeutic bathing and massage from
the Greeks
• Celsus, who lived during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (about 42 B.C.–A.D.
37) recommended rubbing the head to relieve headaches and rubbing the
limbs to strengthen muscles and to combat paralysis.
• Galen, Pliny, Plutarch, and Plato wrote of the importance of massage and
passive and active exercise to the maintenance of a healthy body and mind.
• Even Julius Gaius Caesar, Roman general and Emperor of Rome (100–44
B.C.), is said to have demanded his daily massage for the relief of neuralgia
and prevention of epileptic attacks
MEDIEVAL ERA / MIDDLE AGES / DARK AGES
• Little recorded history of health practices during the Middle Ages

(also known as the Dark Ages) has survived
• After the fall of Roman Empire massage went back to the level of
folk medicine. There is no mention of massage in medical literature
till fourteenth century
• 15th century onwards the people again started writing about massage
• Antonius, Gazius, Heronymus, Ambroise Pere collected the teaching
of Hippocrates and Galen and started using massage in various
conditions
MODERN ERA
• Modern massage is based on techniques developed by

• Per Henrik Ling (1776–1839) of Smaaland, Sweden, a Physiologist and fencing
master, is known as the FATHER OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
• Ling systematized and developed movements that he found to be beneficial in
improving his own physical condition, calling the system of movements medical
gymnastics
• He started the Central Institute of Gymnastics, Stockholm in 1813 where he
developed massage as a part of medical gymnastics and due to his efforts massage
gained the attention of physicians.
• The Ling System’s primary focus was on gymnastics as applied to the treatment
of disease and consisted of movements classified as active, duplicated, and passive
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MASSAGE
TECHNIQUES
• Active movements were performed by the patient and could be referred to as
exercise.
• Duplicated movements were performed by the patient in cooperation with the
therapist. These correspond to modern resistive or assistive exercises.
• Passive movements were performed by the therapist to the patient and would
be considered range-of-motion therapy and massage
• Ling System, more commonly called Swedish Movements or the Movement
Cure, spread throughout Europe and Russia.
• His immediate pupil Augustus George published Ling’s system in French under
the name kinesitherapy.
• This in part explains the widespread use of French words in terminology of
massage such tapotment, percussion, effleurage etc.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MASSAGE
TECHNIQUES
• In early 20th century polio epidemic and world wars compelled the practitioners
of modern medicine to use the non-conventional treatments methods for the
rehabilitation of polio and war victims.
• Massage along with exercise and heat were employed in these conditions and
yielded quite favorable results
• It is during those times the methods of massage were subjected to modern
scientific research. A number of scientific papers appeared in literature where
effects of massage established by subjective and observational methods were
subjected
• During early 20th century massage was taught in the schools of physiotherapy,
medical gymnastics and the schools of massage
• Massage played an important role immediately after World War I (1914–1918), when
it proved beneficial as a restorative treatment in the rehabilitation of injuries.
• In World War II (1939–1945), massage was again employed on an even larger scale in
the hospitals of the Armed Forces.
• In the years after World War II, however, manual massage played a secondary role
in physical therapy as more mechanical and electrical means of stimulation and
rehabilitation gained popularity.
• During the postwar recovery, massage was directed more toward relaxation and
athletic activities and less toward rehabilitation.
• Most practitioners were employed in athletic club or as trainers for athletic teams.
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN MASSAGE
• Several important developments during the second quarter of the twentieth

century continue to influence modern massage
• An Austrian named Emil Vodder (1897–1986) and his wife Astrid developed a
method of gentle rhythmic massage along the superficial lymphatics that
accelerates the functioning of the lymphatic system and effectively treats
chronic lymphedema and other diseases of venous or lymph circulation.
• Today this system is widely known and taught as Dr. Vodder’s Manual Lymph
Drainage.
Electric vibrators from the early twentieth
century. A. The Star Electric Vibrator (ca.1918).
B. The New Lite vibrator by Hamilton Beach 1902
• In the 1940s, a German, Elizabeth Dicke (1884–1952), developed
Bindegewebsmassage, or Connective Tissue Massage
• Dr. James H. Cyriax (1905–1985), an English orthopedic physician,
is credited with popularizing Deep Transverse Friction Massage.
HISTORICAL MASSAGE TIMELINE

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SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION

• Soft tissue manipulation is an ancient healing art, it is a form of tissue

• It is not a technique derived from one culture but from many,

• The origin of the word massage can be traced to at

• The historical development of massage can be studied under 3 heading:

• The practice of the anmo method of massage entered Japan around

• Little recorded history of health practices during the Middle Ages

• Modern massage is based on techniques developed by

• Several important developments during the second quarter of the twentieth

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