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    Physical Science - Greek Ideas On Atoms

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    Mary Joy Llosa Redulla
    The document discusses the evolution of ideas about atoms and elements from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, to modern atomic theory. It also covers discoveries like J.J. Thompson's discovery of the electron in the late 19th century from experiments with cathode ray tubes, and how scientists like Rutherford, Moseley, and Bohr further elucidated the structure of atoms in the early 20th century. The document provides historical context on how scientists' understanding of atoms and their subatomic structure has developed over time.

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    Physical Science - Greek Ideas On Atoms

    Uploaded by

    Mary Joy Llosa Redulla
    1K views77 pages
    The document discusses the evolution of ideas about atoms and elements from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, to modern atomic theory. It also covers discoveries like J.J. Thompson's discovery of the electron in the late 19th century from experiments with cathode ray tubes, and how scientists like Rutherford, Moseley, and Bohr further elucidated the structure of atoms in the early 20th century. The document provides historical context on how scientists' understanding of atoms and their subatomic structure has developed over time.

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    Physical Science - Greek Ideas on Atoms

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    The document discusses the evolution of ideas about atoms and elements from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, to modern atomic theory. It also covers discoveries like J.J. Thompson's discovery of the electron in the late 19th century from experiments with cathode ray tubes, and how scientists like Rutherford, Moseley, and Bohr further elucidated the structure of atoms in the early 20th century. The document provides historical context on how scientists' understanding of atoms and their subatomic structure has developed over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views77 pages

    Physical Science - Greek Ideas On Atoms

    Uploaded by

    Mary Joy Llosa Redulla
    The document discusses the evolution of ideas about atoms and elements from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, to modern atomic theory. It also covers discoveries like J.J. Thompson's discovery of the electron in the late 19th century from experiments with cathode ray tubes, and how scientists like Rutherford, Moseley, and Bohr further elucidated the structure of atoms in the early 20th century. The document provides historical context on how scientists' understanding of atoms and their subatomic structure has developed over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 77

    How the Idea of the

    Atom, Along With


    The Idea of The
    Elements, Evolved
    STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
    Small stars: The smallest stars only convert
    hydrogen into helium.

    Medium-sized stars (like our Sun): Late in


    their lives, when the hydrogen becomes
    depleted, stars like our Sun can convert
    helium into oxygen and carbon.
    Massive stars: When the hydrogen becomes
    depleted, high mass stars convert helium atoms
    into carbon and oxygen, followed by the fusion
    of carbon and oxygen into neon, sodium,
    magnesium, sulfur and silicon. Later reactions
    transform these elements into calcium, iron,
    nickel, chromium, copper and others.
    DEMOCRITUS
    The “laughing
    philosopher”.
     Lived in Greece from
    about 460 to 370 B.C.E.
    Introduced the idea of
    the atom as the basic
    building block of all
    matter.
    How many times could you cut this piece of cheese
    in half? How small would the smallest pieces be?

    atomos, which means “uncuttable”/


    “indivisible” in Greek
    Democritus’ idea of the atom
    has been called “the best
    guess in antiquity.” That’s
    because it was correct in
    many ways, yet it was based
    on pure speculation.
    Here’s what Democritus thought about
    the atom:

    • All matter consists of atoms, which cannot be


    further subdivided into smaller particles.
    • Atoms are extremely small—too small to see.
    • Atoms are solid particles that are indestructible.
    • Atoms are separated from one another by
    emptiness, or “void.”
    How are Democritus’ ideas about atoms
    similar to modern ideas about atoms?

    ANSWER:
    Modern ideas agree that all matter is made
    up of extremely small building blocks called
    atoms.
    How are Democritus’ ideas about atoms
    similar to modern ideas about atoms?

    • Atoms can be viewed using microscopes


    • Atoms consist of several kinds of smaller, simpler
    particles as well as a lot of empty space.
    • Atoms aren’t really indestructible because they can
    be changed to other forms of matter or energy.
    Democritus thought that different
    kinds of matter vary because of the size,
    shape, and arrangement of their atoms.
    • Atoms of liquids are slippery, which
    allows them to slide over each other and
    liquids to flow.
    • Atoms of solids, in contrast, stick
    together, so they cannot move apart.
    • Atoms of lighter matter, were more
    spread out and separated by more
    empty space.
    Aristotle rejected Democritus’
    idea of the atom. Aristotle’s
    opinion was accepted for more
    than 2000 years.

    John Dalton developed an entire


    theory about the atom. He based
    his theory on experimental
    evidence, not on lucky guesses.
    Summary
    • Around 400 B.C.E., the Greek philosopher
    Democritus introduced the idea of the atom as the
    basic building block matter.
    • Democritus thought that atoms are tiny,
    uncuttable, solid particles that are surrounded by
    empty space and constantly moving at random.
    • Democritus surmised that different kinds of matter
    consist of different types or arrangements of atoms.
    Ideas of the
    Ancient Greeks on
    the Elements
    Majority of Greeks believed that the
    smallest unit that anything could be divided
    into was the element. 
    Aristotle named four elements; fire, air,
    earth and water.
    THALES HERACLITUS ANAXIMENES
    Empedocles proposed that everything was
    made up of a mixture of the four elements, and
    proposed a simple experiment to prove his point. 
    • Since the stick burns, it obviously
    contains fire.
    • A dirty residue is left behind once the
    stick has burnt, so the stick also
    contains earth.
    • The residue is damp, so water must be
    present.
    • The burning stick gives off smoke, and
    thus air is in there too.
    Aristotle classified the elements on
    whether they were hot or cold and
    whether they were wet or dry. 
    • Fire and earth were dry. 
    • Air and water were wet.
    • Fire and air were hot.
    • Earth and water were cold.
    The concept of elements gave rise to
    one of the most fundamental theories of
    later alchemy: the idea that the
    properties of a substance depend on
    what it is made of. 
    Alchemical Elements
    ALCHEMY: the medieval forerunner of
    chemistry, based on the supposed
    transformation of matter. It was concerned
    particularly with attempts to convert base
    metals into gold or to find a universal elixir.

    ELIXIR: a magical or medicinal potion.


    ALCHEMIST
    By the Middle Ages, people had started to
    see that the Greek system of classical
    elements was not absolutely universal.
    Substances like mercury defied the old
    categorizations, so the alchemists made up
    three more to complement the Aristotelian
    system.
    This became a common theme in
    alchemy: If a substance had a list of
    properties, i.e. acidity, solidity, waxiness
    or flammability, then that substance
    could be made from other materials that
    shared some properties but differed in
    others.
    THE SPHERES
    • The concepts of animal, vegetable and mineral are
    fairly familiar to most people. Minerals are not
    alive and cannot move, vegetables are alive but
    cannot move, and animals are alive and can move.
    • Alchemists first devised this system and linked
    each of the spheres to one of their new elements. 
    The transformation index went like this
    (spheres are color-coded):

    • Rocks » Base metals (i.e. iron) » Precious


    metals (i.e. gold)...
    • Simple plants (i.e. grasses) » Complex
    plants (i.e. trees)...
    • Simple animals (i.e. worms) » Complex
    animals (i.e. mammals) » Man
    Discovery of the
    Structure of the Atom
    and its Subatomic
    Particles
    ATOMIC STRUCTURE

    Atomic structure is the core


    of chemistry.
    The study of the structure of
    an atom, and also the
    subatomic particles present in
    it. 
    ATOM
    Basic unit of an element;
    building blocks of matter.
    The smallest unit of matter that
    has the characteristic properties
    of a chemical element.
    The basic building block
    of chemistry.
    Composed of 3 subatomic
    particles.
    CHARGE
    It is a property which defines the force that a
    particle will exert on other charged particles.
    Positive charges and negative charges will
    attract each other and come together.
    Two positive or two negative charges will
    push each other away.
    ATOMIC MASS
    The measure of inertia.
    Mass for particles,
    atoms, and molecules is
    measured in atomic
    mass units, or amu.
    SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
    Subatomic particles are
    particles smaller than
    an atom.
    Protons, neutrons, and
    electrons are subatomic
    particles. 
    NUCLEUS
    • The nucleus lies at the center of each atom.
    • It contains nearly all of the atom's mass.
    • The nucleus remains constant throughout chemical
    reactions.
    • Nuclei are themselves made up of a pair of smaller and
    more dense particles, the proton and the neutron.
    • These particles are collectively dubbed nucleons.
    PROTON
    • A particle in the nucleus of an atom that has a
    positive electric charge.
    • All protons are identical.
    • It is the number of protons that gives atoms of
    different elements their unique properties.
    • No two elements have atoms with the same
    number of protons.
    ELECTRONS
    • A particle outside the nucleus of an atom that has a
    negative electric charge.
    • The charge of an electron is opposite but equal to the
    charge of a proton.
    • Atoms have the same number of electrons as protons.
    As a result, the negative and positive charges "cancel
    out." This makes atoms electrically neutral.
    • For example, a carbon atom has six electrons that
    "cancel out" its six protons.
    ELECTRONS
    • Negative electrons are attracted to the positive
    nucleus.
    • The region where an electron is most likely to be
    found is called an orbital.
    • Electrons are located at fixed distances from the
    nucleus, called energy levels.
    • Electrons at lower energy levels have less energy than
    electrons at higher energy levels.
    NEUTRON

    • A particle in the nucleus of


    an atom that has no electric
    charge.
    • Atoms of an element often
    have the same number of
    neutrons as protons.
    COMPUTING THE NUMBER
    OF PROTON, ELECTRON,
    NEUTRON, ATOMIC NUMBER
    AND MASS NUMBER
    Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons
    Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
    Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
    number of electrons =
    number of protons =
    mass number (atomic mass) =
    number of neutrons =
    ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON ATOMIC
    NUMBER (p+) (e-) (n°) MASS
    Chlorine Cl 17 17 17 18 35

    Carbon C 6 6 6 6 12

    Helium He 2 2 2 2 4

    Fluorine F 9 9 9 10 19

    Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12 24
    ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON ATOMIC
    NUMBER (p+) (e-) (n°) MASS
    Sodium 11 23

    Ca 20 20

    Zn 30 35

    Antimony 51 122

    Mercury 80 121
    Contributions of J.J.
    Thompson, Ernest Rutherford,
    Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr
    in Understanding the
    Structure of an Atom
    Joseph John Thompson
    Born on: December 18, 1856,
    in Cheetham Hill, England.
    Died on: August 30, 1940.
    Thompson won the 1906
    Nobel Prize in Physics.
    His research in cathode rays
    led to the discovery of the
    electron.
    J.J. Thompson and the Discovery of the
    Electron
    In the late 18th century, physicist J.J. Thompson
    began experimenting with cathode ray tubes. 
    Cathode Ray Tubes: are sealed glass tubes from which
    most of the air has been evacuated. 
    Cathode Ray Tube
    “electron beam” Zinc sulfide
    To test the properties of the particles,
    Thompson placed two oppositely-charged
    electric plates around the cathode ray.
    The cathode ray was deflected away from the
    negatively-charged electric plate and towards
    the positively-charged plate. This indicated that
    the cathode ray was composed of negatively-
    charged particles.
     ELECTRODE: a conductor through which
    electricity enters or leaves an object, substance,
    or region.
     CATHODE: the negatively-charged electrode.
     ANODE: the positively-charged electrode.
     MAGNETIC FIELD: a region around a magnetic
    material or a moving electric charge within which
    the force of magnetism acts
     RAY: each of the lines in which light (and heat)
    may seem to stream from the sun or any
    luminous body, or pass through a small opening.
     SLIT: a long, narrow cut or opening.
     DEFLECT: cause (something) to change direction
    by interposing something; turn aside from a
    straight course; change direction after hitting
    something.
    The Plum Pudding Model
    Thompson proposed that atoms could be described
    as negative particles floating within a soup of diffuse
    positive charge.
    This model is often called the plum pudding
    model of the atom, due to the fact that its description
    is very similar to plum pudding, a popular English
    dessert.
    The Plum Pudding Model
    Ernest Rutherford
    Chemist and physicist;  “Father
    of the Nuclear Age”.
    Born: August 30, 1871, in
    Spring Grove, New Zealand.
     Died on: October 19, 1937 
     Awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize
    in Chemistry for his theory of
    atomic structure.
     RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous decomposition
    of unstable atomic nuclei.
     ALPHA PARTICLE: a positively charged particle
    emitted by certain radioactive isotopes.
     BETA PARTICLE: an electron ejected at high
    speeds from the nuclei of certain radioactive
    isotopes.
     GAMMA RAY: a high energy electromagnetic
    radiation emitted from radioactive isotopes.
    Ernest Rutherford and the Gold Foil
    Experiment
    In this experiment, Rutherford fired a thin beam of α
    particles at a very thin sheet of pure gold. He placed a sample
    of radium (a radioactive metal) inside a lead box with a small
    pinhole in it.
    Most of the radiation was absorbed by the lead, but a thin
    beam of α particles escaped out of the pinhole in the direction
    of the gold foil. The gold foil was surrounded by a detector
    screen that would flash when hit with an α particle.
    The Gold Foil Experiment
    The Gold Foil Experiment
    Based on Thompson's plum pudding model,
    Rutherford predicted that most of the α particles
    would pass straight through the gold foil. This is
    because the positive charge in the plum pudding
    model was assumed to be spread out throughout the
    entire volume of the atom.
    Therefore, the electric field from the positively
    charged "soup" would be too weak to significantly
    affect the path of the relatively massive and fast-
    moving α particles.
    The results of the experiment were striking.
    Rutherford himself described the results with the
    following analogy: "It was quite the most incredible
    event that has ever happened to me in my life. It
    was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15 – inch
    shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back
    and hit you."
    RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR MODEL OF
    THE ATOM
    Niels Bohr
    Born on: October 7, 1885, in
    Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Died on: 18 November 1962.
    He won the 1922 Nobel Prize
    in physics for his ideas and
    years later called for
    responsible and peaceful
    applications of atomic energy
    across the world.
    Planetary Model

    Electrons revolved
    around a positively
    charged nucleus like the
    rings around Saturn—or
    alternatively, the planets
    around the sun.
    Niels Bohr
    • In 1913, he introduced his model of the hydrogen
    atom.
    • Proposed that the single electron of the hydrogen
    atom could occupy only certain energy levels.
    • He referred to these energy levels as orbits and
    represented the energy difference between any two
    adjacent orbits as a single quantum of energy.
    Niels Bohr

    – proposed that when an atom absorbs energy, it


    becomes at “excited state”
    – The electrons of the atom jump from one orbit
    to another with a high energy. Then, it will fall
    back to its original orbit with a lower energy or
    “ground state”.
    Niels Bohr

    – energy is released in the form of light which is


    called photons
    – atomic line spectrum of atom is a characteristic
    of an atom of an element
     QUANTUM: the smallest increment of energy.
     GROUND STATE: the condition of an atom in
    which all electrons are in their normal, lowest
    energy level.
     EXCITED STATE: an unstable, higher energy
    state of an atom.
    Henry Moseley or Henry
    Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley 
    Born on November 23,
    1887;Weymouth, Dorset, Engl
    and.
    Died: August 10, 1915, 
    Demonstrated that the major
    properties of an element are
    determined by the atomic
    number, not by the atomic
    weight.
    Henry Moseley

    • Developed the application of X-ray spectra to study


    atomic structure.
    • Moseley's discoveries resulted in a more accurate
    positioning of elements in the Periodic Table by
    closer determination of atomic
    Henry Moseley
    • In 1913, Henry Moseley published the results of his
    measurements of the wavelengths of the X-ray
    spectral lines of a number of elements which
    showed that the ordering of the wavelengths of the
    X-ray emissions of the elements coincided with the
    ordering of the elements by atomic number.

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