Force

and
Force and Pressure
 There are two common words in all these actions

A push or pull on an object is called force.

An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between

the two objects.

Forces are due to an interaction between two objects.

Effects of forces:
1. Force can move the stationary object.
2. Force can stop or can bring the moving object to rest.
Effects of forces:
1. Force can move the stationary object.
2. Force can stop or can bring the moving object to rest.
3. Force can
FO
increase or decrease the speed of an object.
RCE
Effects of forces:
1. Force can move the stationary object.
2. Force can stop or can bring the moving object to rest.
3. Force can increase or decrease the speed of an object.
4. Force can change the direction of motion.
FORCE
Effects of forces:
1. Force can move the stationary object.
2. Force can stop or can bring the moving object to rest.
3. Force can increase or decrease the speed of an object.
4. Force can change the direction of motion.
5. Force can change the shape and size of the object.
Force can change the state of motion of the object

Speed

Direction of motion

Or both
Contact and Non- Contact forces
Difference???

No contact

Contact
Contact forces
Contact forces are those types of forces that result when the two interacting
objects in physical contact with each other.

Non-Contact forces
Non- Contact forces are those types of forces that result when the two
interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other.
Contact forces
1. Muscular force
The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as the muscular
force.
Contact forces
2. Frictional force
It is the force that is exerted by the surface over an object whenever the
object moves on the surface.
Friction always oppose the motion of an object sliding over another
object(surface)

Friction acts in opposite direction to the direction of motion.

Frictional force Direction of motion

Non - Contact forces

Magnetic Force

Electrostatic Force
Gravitational Force
Non - Contact forces

Magnetic Force
 Gravitational Force
m

Is there any force EARTH- M

between these two
mangoes?
 Gravitational Force
m

Is there any force EARTH- M

between these two
mangoes?
 There is a force of attraction between any two objects

m EARTH- M

Is there any force between these

objects?

Now is there any force between these

Now is there any force between these
objects
objects

m
EARTH- m EARTH- M
Recap Contact forces Non- Contact forces
Force
Effects of forces

m1m 2
F =G 2
r
Non - Contact forces

Magnetic Force: The force exerted by a magnet or an electromagnet on a

magnet or on a magnetic material is called magnetic force.
Electrostatic Force
Electrostatic Force
Electrostatic Force
The common word we used is “ charged” object
There is a force between two objects because of charge present on bodies
Like mass, charge is the fundamental property of matter.
S.I. units for charge: coulomb “C”

+ + + -
Electrostatic Force

The force between two charged objects or the force between one charged object and
other uncharged object is called electrostatic force.
Gravitational Force
m

EARTH- M
 There is a force of attraction between any two objects

m EARTH- M

Is there any force between these

objects?

Now is there any force between these

Now is there any force between these
objects
objects

m
EARTH- m EARTH- M
The force of attraction between any two objects, possessing mass is called
force of gravitation or gravitational force.

Gravitation is the force of attraction between any two objects in the universe.
 UNITS OF FORCE
The SI unit of force is newton. CGS unit of force is the dyne
newton is denoted by the letter N. dyne is denoted by dyn.
1 N = 105 dyn 1 dyn = 10-5 N
1 newton = 105 dyne

Problem: 100 newton into dyne. Problem: Convert 700 dyne into newton.
Resultant Force
When two or more number of forces acting on an object the net force/ resultant
force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on it.
Vector Sum
Algebraic Sum
A=4; B=5;
A=4; B=5; A+B=4+5=9;
A+B=4+5=9;
Vector sum is not always addition.
We need to take care of direction;
If both the vectors are in same direction we need to
“add”;
If they are in opposite direction we need to “Subtract”.
When two forces act along the same line in the same direction.

Both the forces acting in same direction.

So to find out Resultant force we need to

add the individual forces.

Resultant force = 450+550= 1000N

RESULTANT FORCE
When two or more number of forces acting on an object the net force/ resultant force is
the vector sum of all the forces acting on it.
150N 200N 170N 120N
BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES

When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are said
to be balanced forces.

When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the
forces are unbalanced forces.

200 N 100 N 100 N 100 N

The balanced forces
Cannot move stationary object
cannot change the speed/velocity of a moving body.

may change the shape and size of a soft object.

The unbalanced forces can

Move the stationary object

Increases the speed of the object

Decreases the speed of the object

change the direction of motion

 FORCE

A force is a push or a pull or both. A force cannot be seen but we can feel and
observe the effects of the force.

PUSH PULL

• A force to move an object away from • A pull is when we apply a force to

our bodies move an object towards our body

COMBINATION OF PUSH AND PULL

- playing a guitar - scrubbing the floor

- sawing wood - rowing a boat
Forces are due to interaction :-
An interaction of one object on another object results in a
force between the two objects.

Eg :- If a man stands behind a car, the car does not move.

If he pushes the car, he applies force and the car begins to
move in the direction of the applied force.
Exploring forces :-
a)If two forces act on a body in the same direction,
the net force is the sum of the two forces.

Unbalanced force acting in the same direction

combine by addition.

F1

F2

Net force = F1 + F2
b) Unbalanced forces acting in opposite direction
combine by subtraction. The net force is the
difference between the two forces and is exerted in
the direction of the larger force.

F1 F2

F1 F2 = F2 – F1
OR
F1 F2 = F2 – F1 where, F2 > F1

The effect on the object depends on the net force acting on it.
c) If we pull the block from both sides with the same force
the block remains stationary. The forces are equal and
opposite. The net force is zero. Such a pair of forces are
called balanced forces.
Balanced forces do not change the state of rest or motion of
an object. However, can change in size and shape of the
object.

F F

Net force = F – F = 0
Effects of force on an object :-
i) Force can make an object to move from rest.
ii) Force can stop a moving object.
iii) Force can change the speed of an object if it is moving.
iv) Force can change the direction of a motion of an object.
v)Force can change the shape of an object.
Force may cause one or more of these effects.
Stretch a rubber band Press a sponge Squeeze a spring

After After After

An object that will return to its original shape and size after being
squeezed, pressed, twisted and stretched is elastic
 Drop a glass Tear a piece of paper Crush an empty can

After After
After

An object that will not return to its original shape and size after being squeezed,
pressed, twisted and stretched is inelastic
Types of forces :-
There are two main types of forces They are :-
i) Contact forces
ii) Non contact forces

Contact forces :- are forces exerted by one object on

another when they are in contact with each other.

Contact forces are of two types. They are :-

iii)Muscular force
iv)Force of friction

Non contact forces :- are forces exerted by one object on

another without any contact with each other.

Non contact forces are of three types. They are :-

v)Magnetic force
vi)Electrostatic force
vii)Gravitational force
Contact forces :-
i) Muscular force :-
Muscular force is the force exerted by the muscles of our body.
We use muscular force for our various activities.
Animals like bullocks, horses, camels, donkeys, elephants also
use muscular force to perform various tasks.
ii) Force of friction :-
Force of friction is the force which opposes the motion of an
object over a surface.
Eg :- A ball rolling on ground gradually slows down and comes to
rest due to force of friction.
If we stop pedalling a bicycle, it gradually slows down and
comes to a stop due to force of friction.
Non contact forces :-
i) Magnetic force :-
Magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets.

Eg :- Force of attraction and repulsion between two magnets.

Force exerted by a magnet on a piece of iron or steel.
ii) Electrostatic force :-
Electrostatic force is the force exerted by a charged body on
another charged or uncharged body.

Eg :- A plastic straw charged by rubbing with paper attracts a

suspended plastic straw.
A plastic straw charged by rubbing with paper repels a
suspended plastic charged by rubbing with paper.
iii) Gravitational force :-
Gravitational force is the force exerted by the earth on all
objects. It pulls all objects towards the earth.

Eg :- A coin or pen falls down when it slips off your hand.

A ball thrown upward falls down .
Leaves and fruits fall to the ground when they get detached
from the plant.
Water in rivers flow downwards.
Depends on Force and Area
Pressure
 Describes how a force is
spread over an area.

 It is a measure of how
much force is acting on a
certain area.
  Pressure is the force acting per unit area.

Force
Pressure  Area

F
p A
Unit ofpressure is Pascal (Pa).
If the area
 is smaller the pressure is more on the surface for the
same force.

Pressure 22
 A sharp knife has a very small surface area
on its cutting edge so that high pressure
can be exerted to cut the onion.

Pressure 23
 The high pressure on surface
of the ice so that the ice
melts and allowing the ice
skater to glide smoothly

Pressure 24
 When a force is applied to
the head of a nail,
pressure will drive its
the
sharp end into a piece of
wood easily

Pressure 25
 The pressure under the studs is high enough for them
to sink into the ground, which gives extra grip

Pressure 26
 Rally need very high air pressure inside the tyres,
because the narrow tyres have a very
small contact area with the icy road.

Pressure 27
 A tractor moving on soft ground has wide
tires to reduce the pressure on the ground
so that they will not sink into the ground.

Pressure 29
 For a solid block resting on the floor, the
pressure acting on the floor is highest when the
block is resting on its smaller surface.

Pressure 31
Which diagram shows the child exerting
least pressure on the ground?

B
Pressure 32
A brick with rectangular sides rests on a table.

Pressure 33
1. The brick is now turned so that it rests on
the table on its smallest face.

Pressure 34
How has this change affected the force and the
pressure exerted by the brick on the table?

C
Pressure 35
LIQUID PRESSURE:
The pressure exerted by a stationary liquid kept in a
container, at any point inside the liquid, is known as
hydrostatic (liquid) pressure.

The liquid pushes on every surface in contact with it, no matter

which way the surface is facing.
Pressure exerted by liquids gases :-
•Liquids pressure on the bottom of the container does not
depend on the area of the bottom. It acts perpendicular to
the base.
•Liquids pressure at any point inside the liquid depends
upon the density and the height of the liquid column above
that point.
• Liquids exert sideways pressure.
•An external pressure applied on a liquid in a closed
container is transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid..
 The deeper into a liquid you go, the greater
the weight of liquid above and the higher
pressure.

Pressure 38
 The more dense the liquid, the higher
the pressure at any particular depth.

Pressure 39
 Whatever the shape or width, the pressure at
any particular depth is the same.

Pressure 40
 The atmosphere is the layer of air enveloping the
Earth. It extends up to 1000 km above
the surface and has a total mass of 4.5 × 1018 kg.
 The pressure inside our bodies is almost the same
as the external pressure and so balances it.
 At high altitudes where the pressure is lower,
breathing is difficult. Nose bleeding may occur as
results from the pressure difference between
the body and the external pressure.

Pressure 42
 When the piston is
pulled up,
the atmospheric
pressure
inside the
cylinder will
 decrease.
The atmospheric
pressure outside
pushes the liquid
up into the
syringe.
Pressure 43
When a person suck
through the straw,
the pressure in the
straw become low.
 The atmospheric
pressure outside
which is higher will
force the water into
the straw and
consequently into
the mouth.

Pressure 44
 When a vacuum cleaner is switched on, it sucks out
the air inside the cleaner, causes the pressure inside
the cleaner become low.
 The atmospheric pressure which is higher in
magnitude, forces the air and duct particles into the
cleaner. Pressure 45
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