Industrial Revolution Rise To New Architecture

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION; RISE TO NEW
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION:
 Late 18th and early 19th century
 Major technological, socioeconomical and
cultural change
 Began in Britain and spreads from England to
Europe and North America
 Emergence of the modern capitalist economy
 Development of architectural technique and form
(Material , Construction technology, hence Design)
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Invention of Steam engine, fueled by coal.
 Improved transportation system
 Waterways, railways
 Cheaper, faster, further
 Efficiency in production
 Mining
 Metallurgy
 Textile
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1760-1850)
 New machines First in the textile industry and especially in the

cotton industry The Steam engine (James Watt)
 The iron industry=developing of coal mining The locomotive and
the railway: the revolution of transport .
 New machines and factories
 Social consequences:
Exploitation of workers, especially women and children, in
factories and mines. High mortality rate in industrial areas.
Growth of the industrial cities. Bad housing. Beginning of Trade
Unions
 Revolution in transportation
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1850-1945)
 News energies: petroleum and hydroelectric

power
 New types of industries: electrical, chemical,
steel…
 New means of transport: automobile, electric
trains and trams, aircrafts
 New countries: USA, Germany and Japan
NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:
 Industrial Revolution was to change everything
about the world as it was then, including
architecture.
 Previously used material: timber, stone, timber,
lime mortar, and concrete
 Metals were not available in sufficient quantity,
used as anything more than ornamentation.
 By 1900, with the Industrial Revolution in full swing
 Worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times
as much.
 Iron was available in three forms.
 The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a high
percentage of impurities. Wrought iron was a more refined form
of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength.
 Steel was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Steel had
tensile and compressive strength greater than any material
previously available, and its capabilities would revolutionize
architecture.
 The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the
advance of the railroads.
 In 1779, the first iron bridge was built across the Severn River in Coalbrookdale,
England. It was not an iron bridge as we might conceive of it today, but rather a
traditional arch made of iron instead of stone.
 Later, the truss, long used in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge
building.
 A triangle is the strongest structural element known, and applied force only makes it
more stable. When a diagonal is added to a square, the form can be viewed as two
triangles sharing a side, the fundamental element of a truss.
 Trusses were used to build bridges of unprecedented strength throughout the nineteenth
century, including cantilever bridges consisting of truss complexes balanced on
supporting piers.
 A third, more attractive type of steel bridge was the suspension bridge, in which the
roadway is hung from steel cables strung from supporting towers in giant catenary arcs.
IMPACT IN ARCHITECTURE
 The heavy industry growth brought a flood of new building
materials, such as cast iron, steel, and glass, with which architects
and engineers devised structures of unimaginable size, form, and
function.
 Improvements to the iron making process encouraged the building
of bridges and other structures. Large indoor open spaces were
now made possible with the use of strong iron framed construction;
this was ideal for factories, museums and train stations.
 New urban districts of factories and workers’ housing and the
public taste of the newly rich. Architects were employed to build
canals, tunnels, bridges, and railroad stations.
ARCHITECTURES:
 Crystal Palace:
 Architecture The Crystal Palace (1851, London) 1,850’ long,
110’ tall Iron and glass building constructed for the Great
Exhibition of 1851 First in a series of “World’s Fair”
exhibitions Celebration of modern technology and design
Designed by Joseph Paxton Gardener who had experimented
with glass and iron greenhouses Architecture Contained
multiple gardens and fountains, main fountains 250’ high
After the Exhibition, Palace was relocated to another location
in London Functioned as a tourist attraction, destroyed by fire
in 1936
EIFFEL TOWER:
 Architecture The Eiffel Tower (1887-89, Paris)
1,063’ high (81 floors) Designed by Gustave
Eiffel, designed bridges Iron tower constructed as
entrance for Paris’ World’s Fair 300 workers, one
death during construction Tower was criticized as
an eyesore Shape of the tower designed to
withstand the force of wind
THE WAINWRIGHT BUILDING:
 Architecture The Wainwright Building (1890-91,
St. Louis) One of the first skyscrapers (11 floors)
Red brick with steel frame- steel allowed taller
buildings Designed by Louis Sullivan Rejected
traditional architecture- new materials require
new designs “ Form follows function”- The
design of a building should reflect its purpose
Vertical lines emphasizes the height of the
building, plant designs symbolize growth
THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING:
 Architecture The Empire State Building (1929-
31, New York) 1,472’, 102 floors Name derived
from New York’s nickname Art Deco style
World’s tallest building until 1972 Financed by
General Motors Opening coincided with the
Depression, resulted in lots of vacant office
space- “The Empty State Building”
FALLINGWATER:
 Architecture Fallingwater (1934-37,
Pennsylvania) Vacation home Designed by Frank
Lloyd Wright Philosophy of integrating the
building with its environment Built over a
waterfall- can be heard throughout house Uses
local materials Constructed around boulders and
trees Horizontal terraces resemble rock
formations
PRUDENTIAL BUILDING:
 Architect Louis Sullivan’s twelve-story Prudential
Building in Buffalo New York is an early example of
column framing. Built in 1894, its tall, sleek brick
veneer walls, large windows and gently curved top
pediment ushers in a new century with the modern style
of the skyscraper.
 For all of its new technology and design innovations,
The Prudential Building still holds some forms from the
past. A large arch hovers over the main entrance and the
brick façade has extensive ornamentation.
 Sources: www.slideshare.net
www.archidude.com

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION; RISE TO NEW

 New machines First in the textile industry and especially in the

 News energies: petroleum and hydroelectric

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