Biopesticides and Integrated Pest Management

Biopesticides
and
Integrated Pest Management
Biopesticides
• The biologically active compounds, dead, or

living parts of plants and animals or the
whole plants, animals or microbes, applied to
control agricultural and domestic pests, are
called Biopesticides.
1. Plants as biopesticides
• Pyrethrum insecticide is derived from the flowers of
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium.
• Rotenone is present in 68 species of Fabaceae,
but the most exploited are Derris and Lonchocarpus.
The other genera to have rotenones or rotenoids
include Tephrosia, Milletia etc.
• Nicotine is usually obtained from Nicotiana
tobacum, and is used as a pesticide.
• Sabadilla (Veratrin) is another pesticide derived
from Veratrum album, Schoenocaulon officinale etc.
• Azadiractin is produced from Azadiracta indica
Plant extracts as biopesticide
Plant Plant parts Purpose
Marigold Leaves and extracts Insect control in
cabbage, radish
and cauliflower
Tomato Same as above Same as above
Calotropis Leaf extracts Insect control in rice
and groundnut
Datura Dried leaves, seed extract Post harvest insect
control,Seed treatment
Castor Seed paste, oil Insect control in
legumes
Cotton Seeds Oils Same as above
2. Pesticide of animal origin
• Annelid toxin Nereistoxin, present in the

marine annelid Lumbriconereis heteropoda
is a potent chemical for controlling domestic
pests like cockroaches and termites.
• Pheromone of insects is also used for

controlling pests.
Insects as biopesticides
• Insects are also used for control of pests
through parasitism, competition and
predation.
• These insects do not pose the problem of

environmental toxicity.
• But some times they emerge as a secondary

pest due to change in environmental
condition.
Insects as Biopesticides
Insect Target pest Target crop
Spider Stem borer, white fly Rice, Oil seeds

Killer bug Larvae of butterfly Rice
Cricket Stem borer, leaf cutting Rice
insects, green bug
Garden- Thrips, eggs of stem Rice, Legumes
Hoppers borer, white thrips
Ear wig Larvae of stem borer Rice , Vegetables
and many more…

3. Microbes as Pesticides
• WHO has investigated Viruses, Bacteria,
Fungi and Nematodes as potential
biopesticides.
• Viruses like NPV, CPV, Granulosis viruses
• Bacteria such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas,
Streptomyces and Salmonella are used.
• 22 varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis are used
as pesticides.
• Fungi such as Beauveria, Metarhizum,
Verticillium, Hirsutella etc. are used as
insecticides.
• Nematodes like Romanomermis culicivorax
and other species are used as insecticide.
Viruses and Bacteria as Bioinsecticides
Microbes Target pest Target crop
Viruses
GV Stem borer Sugarcane
NPV Spodoptera, Sugarcane, Cotton
Heliothis
Bacteria
Bacillus thurin- Spodoptera, Vegetables, Cotton
giensis Heliothis
B. Papilliae -do- -do-
Streptomyces sp. Blast fungus Rice
Pseudomonas Thrips, bugs, Rice,wheat
fluorescens nematodes
Salmonella sp. Insects Rice,Fruits,Legumes
Fungi as Biopesticides
Fungi
Beauveria Corn borer Rice, maize
basiana Stem borer etc.
Hirsutela sp. Insects Rice
Verticillium Aphids Apple
lecani
Metarhizum sp. Insects Rice
Trichoderma leaf hopper, vegetables
viridae fungi
Nematicides:
• Fungi like Arthrobotrys, Dactylarya, Dactylella,
Verticillium etc. are used for trapping nematodes
in the field.
Herbicides:
• Phytophthora palmivora (fungus) for milkweed
vine
• Other fungi such as Colletotricum gleospiroides,
C. coccodes, Alternaria cassiae etc. are used for
specific weed control.
Fungicides
• Trichoderma viridae controls soil borne
fungal plant pathogens.
• Arthorobotrys oligospora controls root knot

of rice, brinjal.
• A. dactyloides controls root knot of brinjal,

tomato, etc.
Nematodes and Protozoa as
Biopesticides
Nematodes:
Romanomermis sp. Mosquito
D.D. Nematode Stem borer Rice, Cotton
Protozoa:
Malameba locustae Grasshoppers Rice
Mattesia sp. Lepidoptera Vegetables
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Integrated pest control was first described by
Hoskin et al., 1939, as Biological and chemical
control of pests.
• Integration means use of multiple methods
(physical, chemical and biological) to control a
single pest or multiple pests.
• Pest means any organism detrimental to human
and human interests along with invertebrates,
vertibrates, animals, insects, pathogens, and
weeds.
• Management refer to a set of rules based on
ecological principles, as well as on economic and
social considerations.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• In other words “the use of all appropriate pest
management methods including the judicious
use of pesticides is called Integrated Pest
Management”.
• It combines the knowledge about the life cycle

of pests and their interaction with the
environment.
• This is used to manage pest population with

least possible damage to humans, properties,
and environment.
Main steps of IPM application
IPM involves applying series of pest

management in four main steps;
• Action threshold
• Pest monitoring
• Prevention
• Control
Action threshold:
• IPM strategy first sets a point at which population of
pest or environmental conditions indicate that pest-
control action can be initiated.
• Action is taken at a point where further increase in
pest population becomes an economic threat.
Pest monitoring:
• Correct identification of the pest is crucial
• All insects seen are not pests
• Some are beneficial
• Monitoring and identification eliminates the
possibility of use of wrong pesticides
Prevention:
• IPM methods works by managing the crops, lawn
or indoor spaces to prevent pests from becoming a
threat.
• For e.g., in agriculture, the following methods can

prove effective and preventive control against
pests:
-crop rotation
-use of pest resistant varieties
-planting of pest free root stock etc.

Control:
The actual control which follows the first three steps
involves;
• Choosing least targeted chemicals, for example

pheromones to disrupt the mating or mechanical
means by weeding out pests.
• Failure of this steps lead to the use of additional pest

control methods like targeted spraying of pesticides.
• Comprehensive spraying of nonspecific pesticides is

the last choice.
Preventive IPM Strategy
Implementation of preventive IPM strategy involves the
following sequence of steps:
1. Reducing moisture in and around dwelling unit and
taking appropriate repair measures to prevent
termite and other pest infestation.
2. Keeping the surroundings clean and storing food
properly to keep pests, cockroaches, skunks,
opossum, raccoons and rats away from food.
3. Watering the plants in the morning to reduce the
chance of turf diseases.
4. Keeping the surroundings of the dwelling unit clean
to remove any cover for pests
Conclusion
• In developing countries almost 60-70% of food, during
harvesting and post harvest period, is lost on account
of pests. IPM minimizes this loss.
• IPM strategy is much more effective when
biopesticides are used.
Advantages
• Biopesticides are less toxic to use as they target
specific pest and closely related organisms.
• Biopesticides are cheaper
• They are biodegradable and do not pose problem of
bioaccumulation like chemical pesticides.
• Provides long term results
Conclusion
Disadvantages
• Proper identification of biopesticides is
essential
• Performance may change due to influence of
biotic and abiotic factors
 Requires more skill and knowledge than
traditional pest control

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Biopesticides

• The biologically active compounds, dead, or

• Annelid toxin Nereistoxin, present in the

• Pheromone of insects is also used for

• These insects do not pose the problem of

• But some times they emerge as a secondary

Insect Target pest Target crop

Spider Stem borer, white fly Rice, Oil seeds

and many more…

• Arthorobotrys oligospora controls root knot

• A. dactyloides controls root knot of brinjal,

Microbes Target pest Target crop

• It combines the knowledge about the life cycle

• This is used to manage pest population with

IPM involves applying series of pest

• For e.g., in agriculture, the following methods can

-use of pest resistant varieties

-planting of pest free root stock etc.

• Choosing least targeted chemicals, for example

• Failure of this steps lead to the use of additional pest

• Comprehensive spraying of nonspecific pesticides is

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