Itc Week 6

WEEK -6
2
What is a Network?
 A network is a collection of computers that can talk

with one another.
 Networks can be made up of just two computers, or millions of computers.

The Internet is the largest network.
4 Introduction to Computing
Packet Switching and Circuit Switching
 Packet switching is a communications paradigm in which packets (discrete blocks of
data) are routed between nodes over data links shared with other traffic.
Packet Switching
In each network node, packets are queued or buffered, resulting in variable delay.
 Packet switching and circuit switching are two networking methods for transferring
data between two nodes or hosts. For a packet-switched network, data is transferred by
dividing the data into individual packets and passing it through the circuits to the other
host. In packet-switched networks, the route is not exclusively determined when the
packets hit the wire. Using routing algorithms, each packet may actually take a different
route through the network to arrive at the destination host. Unlike a circuit-switched
network where a static route is setup and pre-established prior to initializing connections
to the host.
Circuit Switching
Circuit switching network is one that establishes a fixed bandwidth circuit (or channel)
between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were
physically connected with an electrical circuit.
.
CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING
In circuit switching there are 3 phases

i) Connection Establishment. In Packet switching directly data transfer takes
ii) Data Transfer. place .
iii) Connection Released.
In circuit switching, each data unit know the In Packet switching, each data unit just know
entire path address which is provided by the the final destination address intermediate path
source is decided by the routers.
In Circuit switching, data is processed at source In Packet switching, data is processed at all
system only intermediate node including source system.
Delay between data units in circuit switching is Delay between data units in packet switching is
uniform. not uniform.
Resource reservation is the feature of circuit

There is no resource reservation because
switching because path is fixed for data
bandwidth is shared among users.
transmission.
Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable.
Wastage of resources are more in Circuit Less wastage of resources as compared to

Switching Circuit Switching
Continue…….
Types of Networks
 We use many different types of networks. For example, schools and businesses
usually have their own private networks that can only be accessed while in the
building.
 This type of network, known as a LAN (Local Area Network) is sometimes referred
to as an Intranet, but most people just call them “The Network.”
 There are three types of Networks:

 LAN
 WAN
 MAN
Continue…….
 LAN- Local Area Network

– A LAN is a communications network that interconnects devices and provides a
means for information exchange among those devices.
– used by schools and businesses
– used to connect around 10-500 computers in a building
– only accessible from within the building
 Features
– smaller scope
o Building or small campus
– usually owned by same organization as attached devices
– data rates much higher
 Examples
 switched LANs, e.g. Ethernet
 wireless LANs
Continue…….
 WAN- Wide Area Network

– networks consisting of thousands of computers or more, e.g. the Internet
– span a large geographical area
– rely in part on circuits provided by a common carrier
– consists of a number of interconnected switching nodes
– alternative technologies used include:
o circuit switching
o packet switching
o frame relay
o Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Continue…….
 Metropolitan Area Networks

– middle ground between LAN and WAN
– private or public network
– higher speed than the rate in the WANs
– larger area than the coverage of LANs
Network Concepts
 Network Hardware
– Servers- powerful computers dedicated to controlling all of
the systems on the network. All networked computers are
connected to the server in some way
– Printers- One of the reasons networks were developed was
to make a single printer accessible by many different
computers
– Computers- individual machines that are connected to the
server
– Network Interface Card (NIC)- a device that is installed
into a computer to give it a terminal that can run a cable to
access the network
This is a NIC
 Network Software
• Network Operating System

– the system software run on the server
– An operating system (OS) is software that computers use to run

the environment that allows you to access applications and create
files. Without an OS, a computer is useless.
OS Logos
• Networked Applications
– computer programs located on the network that are accessed by
individual computers
– This makes loading software on individual computers

unnecessary.
– A Program Launcher is a networked program that allows you to

open applications on the network without searching for them.
Network Design
 Most networks today run on Ethernet cables.
Ethernet cables are similar to phone cables but
are thicker with a larger connecter.
 The Ethernet cable is connected to the back of
the NIC.
 An Ethernet structure is built into a building
allowing computers to connect to the network
from various rooms in the building.
 Computers can also be connected to a network via a radio transmission to and from a
wireless hub that is connected to the server.
 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 TCP/IP is a collection of protocols used to allow communication between

networks with different types of computer systems. This allow Mac users and
Windows users to operate on the same network.
Troubleshooting
 Network Problems
– “I can’t get anything on the network to run.”
• Check to make sure that the cable in the NIC is fully
connected.
– “I am out of disk space.”
• Delete all unnecessary files on your home drive.
– “I cannot login to the network.”
• Make sure that your user ID and password are
correct.
• Make sure that caps lock is not on.
– “My computer won’t turn on.”
• Check that the computer is plugged in and all cables
are connected properly.
TCP & UDP
1) Transmission control Protocol 1) User Datagram Protocol
2) Slower than UDP 2) Faster than TCP
3) TCP offers error connection 3) UDP does't offer error and
Guaranteed Delivery
connection & delivery
4) Connection oriented Protocol 4) Connectionless Protocol
5) Generally use in WebPages, 5) Generally use in Audio

database information
etc and vidio files.
6) Provides or sends larger 6) Provides or sends
packets smaller packets.
7) For e.g. SMTP port no is 25 7) For e.g. DNS port is 53 or
any
FTP port no is 21 movies site or games etc
TCP is connection oriented; UDP is connectionless oriented; TCP is reliable whereas
Apache tomcat port is 80
UDP is not; TCP is heavy whereas UDP is light weight;
IP
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communication protocols used for
relaying datagram's (packets) across an internetworking using the IP Suite.
Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol
that establishes the internets.
IP is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has
the task of delivering datagram's from the source host to the destination host solely
based on their address. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures
for datagram encapsulation.
Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission

Control Program introduced by vint cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, the other being the
connection-oriented Transport Control Protocol (TCP).
The Internet Protocol Suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.
The first major version of IP, now referred to as (IPv4) is the dominant protocol of the
Internet, although the successor, (IPv6) is in active, growing deployment worldwide.
IPV4 & IPV6
IPv4 means Internet Protocol version 4, whereas IPv6 means Internet Protocol
version 6.
 IPv4
 IPv4 is 32 bits IP address that we use commonly,

 It can be 192.168.8.1, 10.3.4.5 or other 32 bits IP addresses.
 IPv4 can support up to 232 addresses,
 However the 32 bits IPv4 addresses are finishing to be used in near future, so IPv6 is
developed as a replacement.
 IPv6
 IPv6 is 128 bits, can support up to 2128 addresses to fulfill future needs with better
security and network related features.
 Here are some examples of IPv6 address:
1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326b
ff06::c3
0:0:0:0:0:0:192.1.56.10
The most important difference is that it has a larger address space. IPv6 uses 128 bits, instead
of the 32 bits used in an IPv4 address.
 Physical Address
Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6 bytes) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits,
with every 2 bytes separated by a hyphen as shown below:
07-01-02-01-2C-4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
 IP Address
An Internet address (in IPv4) is 32 bits in length, normally written as four decimal numbers,
with each number representing 1 byte. The numbers are separated by a dot. Below is an
example of such an address.
132.24.75.9
 Port Address
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown below.
753 A 16-bit port address
Broadcast & Collision Domain
 Broadcast Domain
• A broadcast is a signal that is sent out from one device and read by all other devices
attached to the same network.
• A broadcast domain is defined by the boundaries that hold in the broadcasts.
 Collision Domain
• A collision happens when two devices try to transmit at the same time, causing the
electrical charge of the signal to increase.
• When a collision occurs, all devices in the same collision domain sense the error and
automatically back off for a period of time.
• A collision domain is an area of the network, bound by bridges, switches, or routers, in

which collisions are propagated.
Interconnecting Devices
 Many times it is necessary to connect a local area network to another local area
network or to a wide area network.
 Local area network to local area network connections are often performed with a
bridge.
 Local area network to wide area network connections are usually performed with a
router.
 A third device, the switch, can be used to interconnect segments of a local area
network.
Internetworking devices
Descending in increasing power and complexity.
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Switches
• Routers
Continue…….
 Hubs
 A hub interconnects two or more workstations into a local area network. A
simple interconnecting device that requires no overhead to operate.
 When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub immediately resends the
data frame out all connecting links.
 A hub can be managed or unmanaged. A managed hub possesses enough
processing power that it can be managed from a remote location.
 Hubs, also called concentrators, expand one Ethernet connection into
many.
Hubs connecting
segments
For example, a four-port hub connects up to
four machines (or other network devices) via
UTP cables. The hub provides a star
connection for the four ports. Many hubs
contain a single BNC connector as well to
connect the hub to existing 10Base-2 network
wiring. The hub also can be connected via one
of its ports. One port is designed to operate in
either Straight-Through or Crossover mode,
selected by a switch on the hub.
 A hub is similar to a repeater, except it broadcasts data received by any port to all other
ports on the hub.
Continue…….
 Bridges
A bridge can be used to connect two similar LANs, such as two CSMA/CD LANs.
A bridge can also be used to connect two closely similar LANs, such as a CSMA/CD LAN
and a token ring LAN.
Bridge interconnecting two A bridge interconnecting two

identical LANs dissimilar LANs
Continue…….
 Switches
A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge.
It can interconnect two or more workstations, but like a bridge, it observes traffic flow
and learns.
When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch examines the destination address and
forwards the frame out the one necessary connection.
• Workstations that connect to a hub are on a shared segment.

• Workstations that connect to a switch are on a switched segment.
Continue…….
A Switch with Two Servers Allowing Simultaneous Access to

Each Server
Continue…….
Bridges vs Routers
 Bridge:
 A bridge is a device that connects two segments of the same network.
 The two networks being connected can be alike or dissimilar.
 Unlike routers, bridges are protocol-independent.
 They simply forward packets without analyzing and re-routing messages.

 Router:
 A router is a device that connects two distinct networks.
 Routers are similar to bridges, but provide additional functionality, such as the ability
to filter messages and forward them to different places based on various criteria.
 The Internet uses routers extensively to forward packets from one host to another.

Continue…….
Bridges vs Routers
 Based on these definitions we can see that key difference between a bridge and router
is that a bridge does not look at protocols and a router does.
 A bridge does not look at traffic for the purpose of allowing or disallowing it, and it
does not decide what to do with certain types of traffic; it simply moves data from one
network to another.
 Whereas a router examines protocols and decides what to do with each packet based
on defined criteria.
Continue…….
Routers
 Thus, routers are often called “layer 3 devices”. They operate at the third
layer, or OSI network layer, of the packet.
 Routers often incorporate firewall functions.
 An example of a router’s operation is shown on the below.
 The device that connects a LAN to a WAN or a WAN to a WAN (the

INTERNET! – uses IP addresses).
 A router accepts an outgoing packet, removes any LAN headers and trailers,
and encapsulates the necessary WAN headers and trailers.
 Because a router has to make wide area network routing decisions, the router
has to dig down into the network layer of the packet to retrieve the network
destination address.
Continue…….
Network Topology
• A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. Topologies can be either physical or
logical.
• Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.
• Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.
• The Network topologies are:

o Bus (can be both logical and physical)
o Star (physical only)
o Ring (can be both logical and physical)
o Mesh (can be both logical and physical)
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Bus Topology
 A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that runs to
every workstation.
 This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount
of distance.
 Each computer shares the same data and address path.
 With a logical bus topology, messages pass through the trunk, and each workstation
checks to see if the message is addressed to itself. If the address of the message
matches the workstation’s address, the network adapter copies the message to the
card’s on-board memory.
 It is difficult to add a workstation.
 It have to completely reroute the cable and possibly run two additional lengths of it.
 If any one of the cables breaks, the entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it is very
expensive to maintain.
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Bus Topology
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Star Topology
 A physical star topology branches each network device off a central device called a hub,
making it very easy to add a new workstation.
 Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect the entire network.
 Some types of Ethernet use a physical star topology.
 Star topologies are easy to install. A cable is run from each workstation to the hub. The
hub is placed in a central location in the office.
 Star topologies are more expensive to install than bus networks, because there are several
more cables that need to be installed, plus the cost of the hubs that are needed.
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Star Topology
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Ring
 Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them in a circle creating a
unidirectional path where messages move workstation to workstation.
 Each entity participating in the ring reads a message, then regenerates it and hands it
to its neighbor on a different network cable.
 The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.
 Unlike a star topology network, the ring topology network will go down if one entity is
removed from the ring.
 Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore, mainly because the
hardware involved was fairly expensive and the fault tolerance was very low.
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Ring Topology
Continue…….
Network Topology
 Mesh Topology
 The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of data flow, but it is the most
complex in terms of physical design.
 In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device.
 This topology is rarely found in LANs, mainly because of the complexity of the cabling.
 Because of its design, the physical mesh topology is very expensive to install and maintain.
 Cables must be run from each device to every other device. The advantage you gain from it
is its high fault tolerance.
 With a logical mesh topology, however, there will always be a way of getting the data from
source to destination.
Continue…….
Network Topology
Continue…….
Network Topology
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.

Bus
Break in bus disables
entire network.
Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.

Star
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.

Very expensive.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.

Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
Difference between internet, intranet and extranet.?
Internet is the global network that connects computers all over the world, to each
other for communication.
Intranet, is a network which is only available inside an organization or a company.

It can be accessed by all the computers that are operated inside the company's premises
and is not connected to the Internet. The purpose is to keep information contained
inside the organizational and prevent leak of information due to employee errors or
hacking attempts.
Extranet is an extension of intranet to some entities outside the organization or a

company. For example if a company allows its customers to connect to the company
intranet, then it will form an extranet, which is composed of computers inside the
company and outside the company but still is separated from the regular internet.
The Internet
 Internet is global “Network of Networks”.
 The internet is a worldwide public network of computers on which people can join and
use multiple services such as sharing of information.
 By internet users at any one computer can get information from any other computer.
Advantages of Internet
 There many advantages to using the internet such as:
 Email.
 Sharing Information.
 Services.
 Buy or sell products.
 Communities.
 News
 Searching jobs
 Advertisement
 Communication
 Entertainment
 Online education
 Online education and research
Disadvantages of Internet
 Although there are huge advantages of internet but there is always another side of picture.
 So internet has some disadvantages like
 Viruses
 Security problem
 Immorality
 Many information is not accurate
 Wastage of time
Connecting Device to the Internet
 To connect to the Internet the following are needed:
 a computer
 telephone line
 modem and/or router
 an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
 Web browser, e.g. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera etc.
The Internet
• Internet evolved from the ARPANET
– developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. DoD.
– first operational packet switching network
– applied to tactical radio communication (packet radio, PRNET) & satellite
communications (SATNET)
– need for internetworking between ARPANET, PRNET and SATNET
– led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
Web Browser
 Web Browser is Software used to display the Web pages. Internet explorer is an example of web browser
 Here are some types of web browser:
 Internet explorer
 Firefox
 Chrome
 Safari
 Opera
Zafar Iqbal Khan 48 Introduction to Computing
Modem
• A device which convert analog signals to digital signals and digital signals to analog for
transmitting data over internet.
Web Sites Address
 Every web site has a specific address which is also called URL that is Uniform Resource
Locator.
EXAMPLE:
http://www.paknews.com
WWW
 World Wide Web, It consists of a large number of web servers that host websites.
 Each website will normally consist of a number of web pages.
 A web page can contain text, images, video, animation and sound.
Com
 Type of web site there are many other types of web sites like
 Pak: Pakistan
 Edu: education
 Mil: military
 Gov: govt
 Com: commercial
Email
 Electronic Mail (email) is a system which allows users of a computer network to send messages to each other. Users can usually:
 Send a message to another user, or group of users.
 Keep their messages in a mailbox.
 Read, print and delete messages from their mailbox.
 It is not only typewritten messages that can be sent using Electronic Mail. Pictures, music, videos, in fact almost any sort of information you can think of, can also be
sent.
 Each user has to have his or her own address that other users need to know to send messages to him or her.
Email
• Electronic mail is good because it is much faster that the ordinary post. It is also very accessible since you can read your email on any suitable computer anywhere in the world. On the other hand not everybody has an
electronic mailbox at the moment, so you cannot use email to send messages to everyone, and you certainly can’t send a parcel by email.
• There are many email service provider companies which allow any user to send and receive electronic mail like
• Hotmail
– www.hotmail.com
• Yahoo
– www.yahoo.com/mail
• Gmail
– www.gmail.com
Search Engine
 “Internet search engines are special sites on the Web that are designed to help people find
information stored on other sites.”
 Tool for finding information, especially on the Internet or World Wide Web.
 Search engines are essentially massive databases that cover wide swaths of the Internet.
 Search engines are the primary method Internet surfers use to locate information on the Web.
 We can search any information by use of search engines.
 There are thousands of different search engines to help people navigate the Internet.
 These include major commercial search engines—like:
Yahoo!, Lycos, AltaVista, and Excit, as well as many smaller, industry-specific directories.
There are even Meta searchers, which work by querying a number of other search engines and
processing the results.
Search Engine
 Major search engines URLs are define below:
 Yahoo: www.yahoo.com
 Google: www.google.com
 Alta vista: www.altavista.com
 Lycos: www.lycos.com
 Msn: www.msn.com
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
 HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the www.
 The standards development of HTTP has been coordinated by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) and the WWW Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a
series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which
defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.
 Domain Name System (DNS)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for
computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a Private Network.
For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses

192.0.32.10 (IPV4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPV6).
[1]. Graham Brown and David Watson, " Information and Communication Technology ” 2013.
[2]. Peter Norton, “Introduction to Computers” 6th International Edition (McGraw Hill)
[3]. Charles S. Parker, " Understanding Computer Today & Tomorrow”, 2000.

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WEEK -6

 A network is a collection of computers that can talk

 Networks can be made up of just two computers, or millions of computers.

In circuit switching there are 3 phases

Resource reservation is the feature of circuit

Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable.

Wastage of resources are more in Circuit Less wastage of resources as compared to

 There are three types of Networks:

 LAN- Local Area Network

 WAN- Wide Area Network

 Metropolitan Area Networks

• Network Operating System

– An operating system (OS) is software that computers use to run

– This makes loading software on individual computers

– A Program Launcher is a networked program that allows you to

 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 TCP/IP is a collection of protocols used to allow communication between

2) Slower than UDP 2) Faster than TCP

3) TCP offers error connection 3) UDP does't offer error and

4) Connection oriented Protocol 4) Connectionless Protocol

5) Generally use in WebPages, 5) Generally use in Audio

Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission

The Internet Protocol Suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

 IPv4 is 32 bits IP address that we use commonly,

• A broadcast domain is defined by the boundaries that hold in the broadcasts.

• A collision domain is an area of the network, bound by bridges, switches, or routers, in

Bridge interconnecting two A bridge interconnecting two

• Workstations that connect to a hub are on a shared segment.

A Switch with Two Servers Allowing Simultaneous Access to

 The device that connects a LAN to a WAN or a WAN to a WAN (the

• Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.

• Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.

• The Network topologies are:

 It is difficult to add a workstation.

 In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other device.

Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.

Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.

Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.

Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.

Intranet, is a network which is only available inside an organization or a company.

Extranet is an extension of intranet to some entities outside the organization or a

 Many information is not accurate

 modem and/or router

 an ISP (Internet Service Provider)

 Here are some types of web browser:

transmitting data over internet.

 Each website will normally consist of a number of web pages.

 Send a message to another user, or group of users.

 Keep their messages in a mailbox.

 Read, print and delete messages from their mailbox.

 We can search any information by use of search engines.

 These include major commercial search engines—like:

 HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the www.

 Domain Name System (DNS)

For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses

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