Shiphandling/Watchstanding Seminar II

Shiphandling/Watchstanding
Seminar II
Shiphandling Theory: Forces
• Controllable • Uncontrollable
• Propeller • Wind
• Rudder • Current/Tides
• Bow Thruster/APU • Seas
• Mooring Lines • Water Depth
• Anchors
• Tugs
PROPELLER FORCES
TRANSVERSE
THRUST
LONGITUDINAL (SIDE FORCE OR
PADDLEWHEEL
THRUST
FORCE)
Controllable Forces
Propellers
• Forces resulting from the use of the
propellers:
• Forward (or reverse) thrust
• Side Force
Controllable Forces
Propeller Thrust
• A result of the propeller spinning on its
shaft.
• Caused by a pressure differential

between the opposite sides of the
propeller blade.
Controllable Forces
Propeller Thrust
Resulting Thrust
Low Pressure
Water Flow
Propeller
Blade
High Pressure
Rotation of
propeller blade
Controllable Forces
Controllable Pitch Propellers

• >12 kts
• thrust controlled by changing the speed
(RPM) of the shaft.
• The shaft always spins in same

direction whether going forward or
backward.
Controllable Forces
Side Force
• Causes stern to move sideways in the
direction of propeller rotation.
Propeller
Controllable Forces
Side Force
Side Side
Force Force
Single Screw Astern Ahead

Going Ahead Twin Screw
Side
Force
Bottom
TWIN PROPELLERS
FIXED BLADE/VARIABLE
PITCH (CONVENTIONAL)
AHEAD ASTERN ENGINES OPPOSED
ALL FORCES
SIDE FORCES COMPLEMENT TO
CANCEL TWIST SHIP
SINGLE PROPELLER
VARIABLE PITCH
TURNS TURNS
CW CCW
AHEAD ASTERN
STERN WALKS SAME DIRECTION PROPELLER TURNS

CONTROLLABLE PITCH
PROPELLERS
225’
Single Screw HARDER TO
TWIST
CREEP
STERN WALKS
TO STBD TURN INBOARD
GOING ALL THE TIME
ASTERN
Controllable Forces
Screw Current
• Consists of two parts
• Suction Current - going into the propeller
• Discharge Current (Prop Wash)- comes out
of the propeller
Suction Current Discharge Current
Acts on Rudder
Propeller
Controllable Forces
Rudders
• Used to control ship’s heading by
moving the stern.
• To have an effect, must have a flow of

water across the rudder.
• Normally this flow of water is the

discharge current of the screw.
Controllable Forces
Rudder
Water
• Acts a wing Flow
High
Low Pressure Area High
Low Pressure Area
Rudder Rudder
Force Force
Controllable Forces
Propellers / Rudders
• Primary means of controlling the stern
Thrust
Side Force
Rudder Force
Controllable Forces
Pivot Point
• Imaginary point on the ship’s centerline
about which the ship pivots
Pivot Point
Thrust
Side Force
Rudder Force
Controllable Forces
Pivot Point
Ship twisting with no way on.

Controllable Forces
Pivot Point
• Usually located 1/3 the length of the
ship from the bow. (Just behind the
bridge.)
• Pivot point is not fixed

PIVOT POINT
HEAD WAY, STEADY
COURSE & SPEED
AHEAD BELL FROM DIW...

LONG STEERING LEVER
FROM PROPS/RUDDERS
ASTERN BELL FROM DIW...

NO EFFECTIVE STEERING
LEVER UNTIL SOME
STERN WAY
Controllable Forces
Forces which affect
location of the Pivot Point
• Headway or Sternway
• Ship’s Speed
• Anchors
• Mooring Lines
• Tugs
Uncontrollable Forces
Wind
• Acts on the sail area of the ship
• Exposed superstructure
• Hull structure
• Ships tend to back into the wind

• 30kts of wind = 1kts of current
Current
• Acts on the underwater part of the ship.
• Creates set and drift.
Uncontrollable Forces
Depth of Water
• Squat - Occurs a high speeds
• bow of a ship rides up onto the bow wave
• stern of a ship tends to sink
• Shallow water effects.

Shiphandling: Terms
Turning Circle: The path described by a ship’s
pivot point as it executes a 360° turn.
Tactical Diameter (180°)

Final Diameter (360°)
Shiphandling: Terms
Turning Circle
Kick
Final Diameter
Tactical Diameter
Shiphandling: Terms
Advance and Transfer

• Advance
• Distance gained toward the direction of the
original course after the rudder is put over.
• Transfer
• Distance gained perpendicular to the
original course after the rudder is put over.
Shiphandling: Terms
Advance & Transfer 90° Turn
Advance
Transfer
Kick
Shiphandling: Terms
Transfer
Kick Advance
Shiphandling: Terms
Transfer
Advance
Kick
Shiphandling: Terms
• Headway
• moving forward thru the water
• Sternway
• moving backwards thru the water
• Bare Steerageway
• the minimum speed a ship can proceed
and still maintain course using the rudders
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
Mooring Lines
• Terms:
• Heaving Line
• Tattletale
• Fenders
• Capstan (p. 188 Seamanship)
• Rat Guards (p. 175 Seamanship)
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchors
Anchors
• Most common anchor
• Standard Navy Stockless
• Most ships have two

• Deep water anchor - 14 shots of chain
• Normal anchor - 12 shots of chain
• Shot - 15 fathoms (90 feet)

Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchoring
Scope of Chain
15 fathoms
60 fathoms
MODERN HELM CONSOLE
Shiphandling: Single Screw Ships
Ship Ahead
Propeller Ahead
Rudder Amidships
Ship Astern
Propeller Astern
Rudder Amidships
Ship follows the rudder:

Ship will tend into the wind:
Ship will tend to port very easily
Ship does not tend to starboard easily
Ship Ahead
Propeller Astern
Rudder Amidships
Shiphandling: Twin Screw Ships
Ship Ahead
Both Propellers Ahead
Ship Ahead
One Propeller Trailing
Counteract with rudder

Ship Astern
One Propeller Trailing

Ship Ahead
Both Propellers Ahead Different Speeds

Propellers Split
Shiphandling: Tug Tie-Ups
Single Headline
• Simplest Tie-up
• Best to allow tug to

push or pull only
• Not good if complex

tug maneuvers
required.
Double Headline
• Not as simple
• Allows tug to push

or pull and complex
tug maneuvers
Power
• Most versatile tie-up
• Good for general

purpose use
• Holds tug securely

to ship.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
Man Overboard
Kicks Stern Away Starboard Side
Right Full Rudder
All Engines Ahead Full

Williamson Turn
Shift Rudder
When 60° Off Course
maneuvering
• Williamson
port 60 deg starboard

- slow
- good for night

or low vis
BOW THRUSTERS / PROPS
BOW THRUSTER BOW PROP
270 090
180’WLB/225’WLB 378’ WHEC

SHIPHANDLING FORCES
SEMI-CONTROLLABLE
• PASSING SHIP EFFECTS
• OVERTAKING
• MEETING
• SHALLOW WATER EFFECTS
• SQUAT
• BANK SUCTION / CUSHION
• INCREASED TACTICAL DIAMETER
• MOMENTUM/INERTIA
MEETING & OVERTAKING
SQUAT
2.5 X DRAFT
SLOW DOWN TO REDUCE EFFECTS

BANK SUCTION/CUSHION
WIND
AND BOW FOLLOWS
CURRENT FIGURE EIGHT
PATTERN
HEAVY - -HORSING - -
WEATHER
POOR MAN’S TUG
PIVOT POINT
SHORT OR LONG SCOPE

OF CHAIN MAY BE USED

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Shiphandling/Watchstanding

• Caused by a pressure differential

Controllable Pitch Propellers

• The shaft always spins in same

Single Screw Astern Ahead

STERN WALKS SAME DIRECTION PROPELLER TURNS

Suction Current Discharge Current

• To have an effect, must have a flow of

• Normally this flow of water is the

Ship twisting with no way on.

• Pivot point is not fixed

AHEAD BELL FROM DIW...

ASTERN BELL FROM DIW...

• Ships tend to back into the wind

• Shallow water effects.

pivot point as it executes a 360° turn.

Tactical Diameter (180°)

Advance and Transfer

Advance & Transfer 90° Turn

Advance & Transfer 180° Turn

Advance & Transfer 360° Turn

• Most ships have two

• Shot - 15 fathoms (90 feet)

Ship follows the rudder:

Counteract with rudder

Counteract with rudder

Counteract with rudder

• Best to allow tug to

• Not good if complex

• Allows tug to push

• Good for general

• Holds tug securely

Right Full Rudder

All Engines Ahead Full

port 60 deg starboard

- good for night

180’WLB/225’WLB 378’ WHEC

SLOW DOWN TO REDUCE EFFECTS

SHORT OR LONG SCOPE

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