The Study of Globalization: Globalization - Is The Process in Which People, Ideas and Goods Spread Throughout

MODULE 1: THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization - is the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout
the world, spurring more interaction and integration between the world's cultures,
governments and economies.
- is the increasing interaction people, people, states, or countries through the

growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus,
globalization is primarily focused on economic process of integration that has
social and cultural aspects.
- is a very important change, if not, the "most important" (Bauman, 2003).
“Global age” refers to a period of time when there is a prevailing sense of the
interconnectedness of all human beings, of a common fate for the human
species and of a threat to its life on this Earth.
Examples of globalization are: the internet, allows a person to know what is
happening to the rest of the world simply by browsing Google. The mass media,
also allows for connections among people, communities, and countries all over
the globe.
Globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves
economy, political system, and culture.
• Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence

of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and
wide and rapid spread of technologies.
• Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide

political system, both in size and complexity. The creation and
existence of the United Nations has been called one of the classic
examples of political globalization.
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas,
meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend
and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common
consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet,
popular culture media, and international travel.
Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations

pertaining to progress, development, and integration. On the other
hand, some view globalization as a positive phenomenon. For
instance, Swedish journalist
Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as "world shrinkage, of

distances getting shorter, things moving closer, and pertains to the
increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can
interact with somebody on the other side of the world."
On the other hand, some see globalization negatively, see it as
occurring through and with;
• regression (a trend or shift toward a lower or less perfect
state: such as. a : progressive decline of a manifestation of
disease.),
• colonialism (the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial
political control over another country, occupying it with settlers,
and exploiting it economically.), and
• destabilization (the action of making a government, area, or
political group lose power or control, or making a political or
economic situation less strong or safe, by causing changes and
problems.)
Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network

(TWN) once regarded globalization as colonization.
Metaphors of Globalization
Solidity refers to the barriers that prevent or make difficult the
movement of thing, namely natural and man-made. Examples of
natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Man-made
barriers include Great wall of China and Berlin Wall. An imaginary
line such as the nine-dash line created by the People's Republic of
China in their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern
man-made solid. However, they have the tendency to melt.
Melting is a process of becoming increasingly liquid.
Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,
things, information, and places in the contemporary world.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity
is one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor
that could best describe globalization is liquidity.
Flows of Globalization
Flows of Globalization are the movement of people, things, places,
and information brought by the growing "porosity" of global
limitations.
Globalization can be considered as a system of flows:

• Freight (trade). Mainly asymmetrical flows taking place to satisfy
material demands ranging from raw materials to finished goods and
all the intermediate goods in between.
• Passengers (migration). Mainly symmetrical flows of people taking
place for a variety of reasons, most of them related to tourism with
air transportation being the dominant mode supporting such flows.
Information (telecommunications). The complex and extensive

flows of information used for communication, power exchanges (e.g.
an online order), and symbolic exchanges (e.g. education).
Globalization Theory
1. Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies
expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms
of government.
• Homogeneity in Culture - is often linked to cultural imperialism. This
means, a given culture influences other cultures.
• Homogeneity in Economy - there is recognition of the spread of
neoliberalism, capitalism, and the economy in the world. Global
economic crises are product of homogeneity in economy.
• Homogeneity in Politics - if one takes into account the emerging similar
models of governance in the world. Barber (1995) said that "McWorld" is
existing, it means only one political orientation is growing in today's
societies.
(MCDONALDIZATION is the process by which Western societies are
dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants. McDonaldization
involves the global spread of rational systems, such as efficiency,
calculability, predictability, and control.)
2. Heterogeneity - pertains to the creation of various cultural practices,
new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of
elements from different societies in the world. Heterogeneity refers to the
differences because of either lasting differences of the hybrids
(combinations of culture that can be produced through the different trans
planetary processes.
• Heterogeneity in Culture - is associated with cultural hybridization. A
more specific concept is "glocalization" coined by Roland Robertson in
1992. To him, as global forces interacts with local factors or a specific
geographic area, the "glocal" is being produce.
• Heterogeneity in Economy - the commodification of cultures and glocal
markets are examples of differentiation happening in economies around
the world.
• Heterogeneity in Politics - Barber (1995) also provided the "Jihad" the
opposite of the "McWorld". The "Jihad" as referred by Ritzer (2008) are
the political groups that are engaged in an "intensification of nationalism
and that leads to greater political heterogeneity through the world.
Merits of Globalization
What can a company or an institution gets from globalization? There are eight (8)
merits or advantages:
1. Global competition and imports keep a lid on prices such that

inflation is likely to derail economic growth.
2. An open economy spur fast innovation with fresh ideas from
abroad.
3. Export jobs often pay more than other jobs.
4. Unfettered capital flow keeps interests flow.
5. Living standards grow up faster.
6. Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods
and services in which they are of comparative advantage.
7. Countries liberalize their visa rules and procedures so as to
permit the full flow of people from country to country.
8. It results from freeing up the unproductive sector to investment
and the productive sector to export related activities resulting in a
win-win situation for the world economy.
Demerits of Globalization
Globalization has also its disadvantages or demerits. Among these
are:
1. Several people lose their jobs when companies import cheap labor
or materials or shift production abroad.
2. Workers face pay cut demands from employers who often
threatens to export jobs.
3. Unregulated globalization can cause serious problem to poor and
developing countries in terms of labor force, wages, benefits, job
terminations, and others.
4. High foreign stakes on industries where it is not necessarily
needed could affect the economic growth of domestic enterprise.
5. Sovereignty of the country and company/institution may be at
stake.

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MODULE 1: THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

- is the increasing interaction people, people, states, or countries through the

- is a very important change, if not, the "most important" (Bauman, 2003).

• Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence

• Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide

Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations

Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as "world shrinkage, of

Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network

Globalization can be considered as a system of flows:

Information (telecommunications). The complex and extensive

1. Global competition and imports keep a lid on prices such that

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