4.

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF

WATER
4.1 Types of Intake
 Intakes are used to collect water from varies sources.
The sources may be lakes, rivers, reservoirs or canals.
The intake waterworks for each type of source is
designed separately according to its requirements and
situations. Depending on the source of water the intake
works are classified as follows.
a) River intake c) Reservoir intake
b) Lake “ d) Canal
COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

A) River intake
 A circular or rectangular sump well is constructed with
masonry work in the bank of river in such a way that the
water can enter the well in both conditions (H.W.L &
L.W.L) through pipes installed at different level.
 Screens are provided at the end of the pipe to eliminate
suspended matters.
 The main suction pipe having strainer at the bottom is
inserted into the sump well and connected to the pumping
unit which delivers water to the treatment plant.
 The site condition will guide the type of structure to be
constructed.
B) Lake Intake
 A submersible rectangular chamber is
constructed at the bed of the lake below the
low water level. So as to draw water in dry
season also.
A bell mouthed pipe is provided in the
chamber which contain screen at the top. It is
connected to pumping unit through suction
pipe to draws water from the chamber and
delivers to the treatment plant.
COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

C. Reservoir Intake
If a non perennial becomes the only source of
water for a town, then the weir or dam may be
constructed across the river to form reservoir.
However, an intake well is constructed on the
body of the weir or dam in such way that the
water can be tapped throughout the year.
D. Canal Intake
It is a very simple structure constructed on the
bank of the canal.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

4.2 Distribution System and its Layout

4.2.1 Distribution System
For efficient distribution it is required that water
should reach to every consumers with required
flow rate.
Therefore, some pressure in pipe lines is necessary.
Which force the water to reach at every place.
Depending upon the methods of distribution, the
distribution system is classified as follows
i. Gravity system
ii. Pumping system
iii. Dual system
i. Gravity System
◦ In this system, the water flows under the force
of gravity from the distribution reservoir to
the distribution area.
◦ suitable when the source of water treatment
plant and the distribution reservoir are situated
at a high level than the distribution area.
ii. Pumping System
In this system, the water is directly pumped in
the main.
 iii. Dual System
In this system, the pumping and gravity both
systems are utilized simultaneously when required.
Normally, the pumps are operated at a constant
speed to meet the average demand of water. So,
during the period of low demand, the excess water
is stored in an elevated reservoir. During the
period of peak demand, the water is supplied by
pumping and from the elevated reservoir
simultaneously.
This system is fairly reliable b/c in the case of
failure of pumping the water supply can be
continued for some period from the reservoir
4.2.2. Layout of distribution System
Generally in practice there are four
different system of distribution which is
used depending upon their layout of
direction of supply:
i) Dead End or Tree System
ii) Grid Iron System
iii) Circular or ring system
iv) Radial System
i) Dead end or Tree System
 main line is taken from the reservoir along the main
road.
 The sub-mains are taken suitably from the main line.
 From the sub mains, the branch lines are taken from
which service connections are give to consumer .
 The end of the sub-mains and branch lines are stopped
by scour values which are known as dead – ends.
 Due to the dead – ends, there is no free
circulation of water and the water remains
stagnant within the pipe line.
This system is suitable for regular developing
town or city.
ii) Grid – Iron System
In this system, the main line, the sub-main lines,
and the branch lines are interconnected.
 So, there is free circulation of water through the
pipe lines.
Cutt-off values are provided at each junction point
so that the repair works may be conducted at a
particular area without disturbing the whole area
the length of the pipe as too long, and hence it is
very costly.
 It is suitable for town or city having rectangular
lay out of roads
iii) Circular or Ring System
 the main water line is divided in to two
parts; in two direction left and right In
inlet side, the left and the right water main
on the outlet side.
 It is suitable for well planned town or city
where the locality can be divided in to
square or circular blocks.
iv) Radial System
In this system, the town or city is divided
in to various circular or square zones and
distribution reservoirs are placed at the
centre of each zone.
The distributor lines are laid radially from
reservoir towards the periphery of each
zone.
It is suitable when the town or city can
oriented with radial roads and streets.
 4.3 Service Reservoir
The Service Reservoir is also known as distribution
reservoirs.
 It’s has four main function.
To balance or equalize (allow a uniform rate) the
supply and demand over a long period of high
consumption.
To provide a supply during a failure or shutdown of
treatment plant, pumps or trunk main.
To give a suitable pressure for the distribution
system and reduces pressure fluctuations there in.
To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other
emergency demand.
Determination of Storage Capacity of Reservoir
The total capacity of the service reservoir is determined by
adding the quantity of water required for various purposes.
These are for balancing reserve, for Breakdown reserve and
for fire reserves.
For Balancing Reserve: - This is requires equalizing b/n the
fluctuations of demand rate with the constant rate of
pumping.
* Balancing Storage: - Max. Surplus + Max. Deficient
 For Break down Reserve:- This is the amount of storage
during the break down of pumps.
* From 2 – 3 hrs pumping capacity is provided against
this storage.
 For Fire reserve: - This is storage required for fighting a
fire out break.
4.4 Design of the Distribution System
Design of the Pipe Line
While doing the design  First of all the
diameters of the pipes are assumed,
 Then the terminal pressure heads at the
end of each pipe section are determined.
The determination of friction loss (hL) can
be determined by using Hazen – William
formula.
Darcy-Weisbach formula
where: hf= head loss in m

f=friction factor(roughness)

L=length of the pipe

V= velocity of flow
D= diameter of pipe
g= acceleration due to
gravity
Analysis of the pipe Network
There are number of method of analysis. The most common used are

a) Equivalent pipe method.

Equivalent pipe is one that has the same hydraulic characteristics
(flow rate, pressure drop) as the pipes it theoretically replaces.
Equivalent pipes can be determined to replace
 pipes in series (connected end to end)
 pipes in parallel (forming loops)
Pipes in series
Procedure for determining an equivalent pipe to replace the pipes
w/c connected in series.
Step1: - Assume any flow rate, Q. The flow rate should generally
selected within the range of flows on the hazen William nomograph.
Step2:- using nomograph line up Q and D for each section of the
original
Series pipeline, read slope and compute HL=S*L
for each section. Where L= the Length of the
Section
Step 3:- Add up the head losses for all section in
the series to determine a Total head loss (HT)
for the assumed discharge Q in the pipe line
Step 4:- compute an overall hydraulic gradients
S'= Hl/Ĺ Where Ĺ = is the specified total
length of the equivalent pipe
Step 5:- Enter the nomograph again with the
assumed value of Q and Computed value S’,
read D of the equivalent pipe.
 b) Hardy- crosses method
- It is a trial and error procedures in w/c the correction are applied to
assumed flow rate to converge to hydraulically balanced system. The
corrections applied to assumed flow rate are determinig from the
following formula,

Basic conditions
• Flows in a clockwise direction (‫ )م‬are considered to be positive
(+) and flows in CCW direction are considered to be negative(-)
• Head losses from CW flows are considered to be positive (+),
Head losses from CCW flows are negative (-).

• In hydraulically balanced system the algebraic sum of the head

losses around a loop (∑hl = 0) is zero.
• The flow into and out of that junction must be equal. I.e.
Qinto=Qout.
Procedures
Step 1:- For each pipe in the network, assume a flow rate and flow
direction of the flow going into a pipe junction must equal to the
total flow going out of that junction.
Step 2:- Using nomograph, designing S and h L =S*L for each pipe in
the loop .Also, compute hL/Q for each pipe.
Step 3:- Compute ∑ hL and ∑ hL/Q
The hL/Q terms are always positive
Step 4:- Compute Q and add Q to the flow in each pipe of that
loop.
Step 5:- Repeat step 2 through 4 for an adjacent loop in the network.
If one the pipe in the first loop is also part of the adjacent, use the
previously corrected flow in the common pipe but the algebraic
sign of the flows and head losses in common pipe change
depending on w/c loop is being evaluated.
Step 6:- Alternately repeat step2 through 4 for each loop in the
network until the corrections obtained become sufficiently small
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Position and Elevation of Reservoirs

o It should be positioned as near as possible to the area of

demand
o Elevation at which it is desirable to position a service
reservoir depends up on both the distance of the
reservoir from the distribution area and the elevation of
the highest building to be supplied.
COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

 Types of Service Reservoirs

◦ Generally, there are two types of service reservoirs:
 Surface reservoir (Ground Reservoir or Non-elevated)
 Elevated reservoir ( Over head Tank)
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

◦ Design Capacity of Service Reservoirs

 The three major components of service storage are:
 Equalizing or operating storage
 Fire reserve
 Emergency reserve
Depth and Shape of Service Reservoirs
 1. Depth
Size (m3) Depth of water (m)
Up to 3500 3.0 to 3.5
3500 to 15,000 3.5 to 5.0
Over 15,000 5.0 to 7.0
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

o Factors influencing depth for a given storage are:

◦ Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encountered
◦ Depth at which the out let main must be laid
◦ Slope of ground, nature and type of back fill
◦ The need to make the quantity of excavated material approximately
equal to the amount required for backing, so as to reduce unnecessary
carting of surplus material to tip.
◦ The shape and size of land available
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

2.Shape
◦ Circular reservoir is geometrically the most
economical shape, giving the least amount of
walling for a given volume and depth
◦ It is unsuitable for division in to two
compartments for maintenance without taking
the whole reservoir out of service.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

 A rectangular reservoir with a length to width ratio 1.2 to 1.5:

Usually proves most economical when division walls are
incorporated .
Floors and roof should be sloped to not flatter than 1:250 for
drainage ( such slopes should be parallel to maintain uniform
column and wall heights)
◦ The total depth of the reservoir must be sufficient to allow the
maximum inflow assumed in the design calculation to pass over
the over flow weir, with a safety margin of at least 150mm below
the under side of roofing beam.
◦ It is good practice to set the over flow weir slightly higher, say by
50mm, than the top water level at which the supply is cut off by
a ball valve or an electrode.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Pipes Used in the Water Distribution System

Pipe Materials
For use in transmission and distribution systems, pipe
materials must have the following characteristics:
◦ High bursting strength to withstand internal water pressure
◦ Adequate tensile strength and bending strength to withstand external
loads.
◦ Ability to resist impact loads to water flow suitable for handling and
joining facilities
◦ Resistance to both internal and external corrosion
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
WATER

 The types of pipes used for distributing water include:

◦ Cast iron pipe

◦ Steel pipe
◦ Concrete pipe
◦ Plastic pipe
◦ Copper pipe
◦ Lead pipe
◦ Pvc
◦ PE=Polyethlinyne….

 
Straight Coupler Speed Fit Straight Coupler

Elbow coupler

Compression Coupler Tee

Tee
Reducers
Common fitting in water distribution system
COMMON PIPE FITTINGS

November 2010
COMMON TYPES OF ELBOW

STREET ELBOW

45 DEGREE
90 DEGREE

STAIGHT AND REDUCING COUPLING

UNION
TEE

NIPPLE

CROSS

PLUGS AND CAPS

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

A pipe material is selected based on various

conditions:
 Cost
 Type of water to be conveyed
 Carrying capacity of the pipe
 Maintenance cost
 Durability, etc.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Pipe Appurtenances

Valves
Used to isolate and drain pipe line sections for
test, inspection, cleaning and repair

◦ Gate valves Are installed in every main and

sub-main to isolate a portion of the network
system during a repair.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Check-valves (Non-Return valves). Are

generally used to prevent reversal of flow when
a pump is shot down
Air-Relief Valves . In long pipes lines air will
accumulate in the high points (summits) of the
line and may interfere with the flow. It is
necessary, therefore, to place air relief valves at
those points where trouble is expected.
 COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Pressure regulating valves

These valves automatically reduce pressure on the
d/s side to any desired magnitude and are used on
lines entering low areas of a city, with out such
reductions pressures would be too high.
 Arrow Depicts
Direction of Flow
November 2010
Example3
Water supply line is to be laid in a town developed in haphazard way.
The following figure shows the various zones of the town and the
population in each zone. The pipe lines are to be laid in dead-end
type. The average requirement of the town is 175 lit/cap/day.
Design the distribution of pipes AB and BC with the following Data.
(i) Take the population for design from the figure below.
(ii) the R.L of the bottom of the service reservoir is 185.5m at
A=168m, at B=154m and at C=146m
(iii) the R.L of the pipe points on the main at C=146m
(iv) The length of the pipe AB= 700m and BC=550m.
(v) The distribution system should be designed for max. demand 3
times the average demand.
(vi) The min pressure head to be maintained at any point in the
distribution system should be 15m.
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November 2010
November 2010
Assignment 2
A water distribution system has been skeletonzed and reduced to the
two-loop network even below. A flow rate of 6045 is pumped into
the network at point A, and two major water withdrawal points, C
and D, discharge 20 l/s and 40 l/s, respectively. Determine the flow
rate in all the pipes of the network