Sources Fo Sultanate Period

Sources:
• CHACHNAMA: Is one of the earliest chronicles which gives us an insight into

the caste-ridden people of the sind on the eve of the arab invasions.They
displayed mainfold social virtues as well as divisive and self destructive
tendencies of the so-called rajput culture.Dahir,the ruler of sind ,gave a heroic
fight to the invaders and perished with his entire family in the grim struggle for
the defence of his petty state.He fell fighting in the battlefield along with
thousands of his soldiers but his widowed queen ranibai refused to surrender
the stronghold of rawar and fought the invaders to the bitter end.
• The author of chachnama highlights the activities of traitors among the indians
who lacked nbational conciousnes and because of their own weaknesses ,caste
prejudices or self interest betrayed their ruler and brought about the fall of
their state.
• According to chachnama,when debal,the seaport of sindh was ubder
attack by the arabs,the buddhist priest of NERUN entered into
treasonable correspondence with hajjaj,the arab governor of
iraq,who had despatched the army of invasion to sind.After the fall of
debal,they had openely helped qasim with provisions.
• This is how the pre muslim indian society of early rajput period
conducted iyself in the face of coomon danger from abroad.From
debal to delhi and from dahir to protvirah chauhan in the 12 th c ,the
rajput society amd culture flourshed in india with its well recognised
virtues and vices;
• TARIK-UL-HIND: by alberuni
Was the first prominent muslim indologist who accompanied the invading hordes of mehmud
of gazni to the indo gangetic valley,sometime in 1018-1019 ce,as freelance writer. While the
invaders fougt battles and indulged in loot and plunder,alberuni just wandered about as a
forlorn individual,in deel anguish and disgust.
His book tarik ul hind is an authentic primary source of information about the socio-religious
condition of india of mehmud of gaznis times.
TAJ-UL-MASIR: BY HASAN NIZAMI
AN immgrant from khurasan,took up service under Qutubuddin aibak, the then viceroy of
northern india on behalf of mohammad ghori,and commeced the writing os his book ,taj ul
masir(the crown of exploits),on the orders of his patron.
It records the military exploits of muhammad ghori and the beginning of the turkish rule in
india from 1191-92 to 1217.
• Its medium of expression is a unique mixture of arabic and persian languages,im poetry as
well as prose.
• Taj ul masir iss rich in social content;it throws interesting sidelights on various aspects of the
sultanate in the days of its infancy.In the midst of he historical narrative,the author starts
describing the celebration of functions and festivals at the court,amusements of the turkish
nobility and fantastic customs and manners of people at large.
• TABAQAT I NASIRI: of minajus siraj
• It throws light on the nature and character of muslim aristocracy,civil administration and
organisation of the court of the sultans with special reference to the part played therein by
the tirkish nobility and the ulama.
• This work contains the biographical sketches of the eminent courtiers,military
generals,provincial governors and other men of repute of the sultanate period between
1227 – 1259
• TARIK-I FEROZSHAHI:
• ZIAUDDIN BARANI The celebrated author of tarik i ferozshahi and fatwa i
jahandari has been rated the greatest of all the contemporary historians
of early midieval india.
• He joined the royal court under muhmmad bin tuhluq and enjoyed his
patronage for 17 long years.Barani was a close associate of amir khusroe
and rubbed shoulders with the highest of nobilty in the sultanate;
• His book feroz shahi preserves the history of the sultanate for full one
century from 1259-1359 ce. The author started his work just where minaj
had left it.His narration is thus a continuation of the tabaqat i nasiri.
• Yet another famous historian of the tugluq period,SHAMSI SIRAJ AFIF has also left
a standard work entitled,tarik i ferozshahiwhich is devoted exclusively to the reign
of feroze tugluq and constitutes the most accurate and authentic contemporary
account of his times.
• The book was written by afif long after the deth of the sultan when delhi had
been invaded and put to plunder by amir timur.
• This book is unique in the sense that it also describes the life and condition of
people at large,the one aspect which has been usually ignored by contemporary
writers.
• The memoirs of amir timur entitled tuzuk i timuri are now recognised as
authentic work of that blood-thirsty monster who took delhi by storm in 1398-99.
• TARIK-I-MUBARAK SHAHI : of yahva bin ahmad sirhindi is the only
contemporary source discovered so far on the hist of the syyad dynasty.
• This book begins with the rise of the ghori dynasty and the conquest of
northern india by the turks.and tge story comes to an end abruptly in 1434-
35
• Khawaja abdulla mali isami a scholar and poet of the 14th century wrote an
historical work ,futuh-us-salatin in 1349-50 on the turkish rule in india from
the gaznavids to mhammad bin tugluq
• The author in this work gives in outline the history of the sultans of delhi
and proceeds to explain in detail the circumstances which led to the
foundation of the bhamani kingdom.
• KHAZA UL FUTUH:
• Abul hasan yamin ud din khusrau better known as Amir khusroe was a sufi
musician poet and scholar from the indian sub continent.He was an iconic
figure in the cultural history.He is somtimes referred to as the “parrot of
india” (tuti-e-hind)
• Khusroe wrote the khaza ul futuh (the treasures of vicyory) recording
allaudins construction works,wars and administrative services.
• KITAB I RAHLAB : Ibn batuta ,a famous moorish traveller is the author of this
book.It is a book of ravels which furnishes a lot of historical information.Ibn
batuta started his travels in 1325 and visited nortern africa,arabia, iran, and
constantinople.Thereafter he came ti india and reached sind in 1333
• He spent about 9 yrs in indi,he was appointed qazi of delhi by
muhammad bin tuglaq.
• During his stay in india he was clsely connected with the court and
had a good opportunity to study the affairs of the country.
• TARIK I SALATIN I AFGHANI :
Ahmad yadgir is the author.It gives an account of the rise and fall of the
lodhis and suris.The book was written during akbars reign.
ARAB INVASION ON SINDH:
• The arabs had been the carriers of indian trade to europe for
centuries.After conversion to islam they cast their covetous eyes on
the fabulous wealth of india as well as they were eager to propogate
their new religion in india.
Causes:
• PROPOGATION OF ISLAM
• FABULOUS WEALTH IF INDIA
• POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDIA
• THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE
• The immediate cause of the arab invasion of sind was the looting of the 8
arab ships which carried the gifts and treasures sent by the king of ceylon
to the caliph,at the port of debal near sindh.Some historians have opined
that the ships were also carrying some beautiful women as well as
valuable articles for the khalifa.This unlawful act of piracy was strongly
protested by HAJAJ,the governor of iraq.
• He demanded compensation from dahir, the king of sindh.But dahir,
refused hajajs demands by saying that he had no control over pirates.
• HOWEVER the first 2 expeditions against sind were beaten back by
dahir.Enraged at the rpeated failures hajaj sent his nephew and son-in law
immadudin muhammad bin qasim at the heaf of a huge army to sind.
Invasion of sind by muhammad bin qasim
• He was a young man of harddly 17 years when he was enrusted with the
work of invading sindh.
• Capture of debal:
• He led his army towards debal,a famous seaport where the arabs ships
were looted by some pirates.The port own debal was well protected by
strong fortifications and it was not easy on the part of qasims army to
penetrate into it so easily. A nephew of dahir was the governor of
debal.Though he had an army of very small size with him,he tried to resist
qasim.But it became futile,when a treacherous bhramin deserted the
fortress and gave qasim all the information regarding the secrets of its
defence.
• FALL OF NIRUN:
• Muhammd bin qasim then marched towards nirun,which was under
the charge of dahirs son jai sindh.With the approach of arabs jai sindh
fled away after handing over the fort to a priest.
• FALL OF SEHWAN:Was under the charge of cousin of dahir named
bajhra.
Fall of SISAM AND VICTORY OVER JATS:
The battle of rawar :

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• CHACHNAMA: Is one of the earliest chronicles which gives us an insight into

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