Gyanodaya Secondary School

Purano Kalimati Bafal

Kathmandu Metropolitian 13,
Kathmandu nepal

FINAL YEAR REPORT PROJECT

-ON “BUILDING"          

SUBMITTED BY:-   DIPANJAN DHAKAL

                                                    BISWASH UPADHYAY 
                                                    MANISH KATTEL
 Acknowledgement

 Frist of all,I would like to express my gratitude to almighty Er.Sabin Maharjan to

enabling me to complete this report on “Building".
Sucessfully completation of any type of project required helps from a number of
person.I have also taken help from different people for the preperation of this
report.Now,there is a little effort to show my deep gratitude to that helpful person.
I convey my sincere gratitude to my site engeneer Er.Lalit Yadav.Without his kind
direction and proper guidance.We want to thank them for all to their suooort,help &
valueable hints. 
 Abstract

The purpose of this research is to evaluate analyze and learn about the
machines,techniques and knowledges  used in the construction of building.It helpls to
exposureb of practical expects and implimentation of theory in a practcal way.It
makes familiarise with the practical of engeneering works.After
researching,observing,collecting data we have arrived at written analysis follows.As
the requirermentof the reports,we have conduct the details study of these project.The
report includes the material,equpiment & all the detail about the construction of
foundation.
 Table of contents
S.N Contents
1 Types of buildings
2 Functional requirements of buildings
3 Foundation
4 Mortar and masonty work
Roof
Staircase
Doors and windows
Flooring
5 Scaffolding
6 Finishing works
7 Other services in building
 SUPER-STRUCTURE
BUILDING
Building construction means demolition of buildings, the construction of new buildings, the construction of addition to existing buildings, and the
necessary alternations of existing buildings, to make them conform to any new addition s.

BUILDINGS AND THEIR TYPES

A building, or edifice, is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as house or factory etc. It can be
any structure that is designed or intended for support, enclosure, shelter or protection of person, animals or property having a permanent roof that is
supported by column or walls.
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
a. Residential Buildings
b. Commercial Buildings
c. Educational Buildings
d. Governmental Buildings
e. Industrial Buildings
f. Military Buildings
g. Religious Buildings
h. Transit Buildings etc.
FUNCTIONNAL REQUIREMENTS
OF BUILDING
 Heat phenomena in building
 Ventilation and air conditioning
 Lighting
 Sound and acoustic
 Orientation and planning of buildings
 Moisture and its movement through building components and damp proofing
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
a. foundations
Foundations are he lowermost load-bearing part of building, typically below ground level. Foundations
are generally broken into two categories :
a. Shallow foundations
b. Deep foundations
 FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION
a. Transmits the superimposed loads[wind, dead load, live loads
and vibration].
b. Prevent against settlement.
c. Protect against soil movement.
d. Provides lateral stability.
e. Distribute loads of superstructure evenly.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
1.Shallow foundation
a. Spread footing
b. Combined footing
c. Strap footing
d. Continuous footing
e. Mat foundation etc.
2.Deep foundation
a. Pile foundation
b. Pier foundation
c. Well or Caisson foundation
Beam
BEAM IS THE HORIZONTAL
COMPONENT OF
THE BUILDING WHICH TRANSFER THE
LOAD
OF SLAB TO THE FOUNDATION AND
FINALLY
TRANSFER TO SUBSOIL. THE
STANDARD SIZE
OF BEAM GIVRN BY NEPAL
GOVERNMENT
IS 12”*12”.
 Column

Column is a vertical component of the

building which transfer the upcoming load
frok slab and beam. It is directly attached
with foundation which helps to transmit the
load to the sub soil. The standard size of
column is 12”*12” .
 B.MORTARS AND MASONRY WORKS Click
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 Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building

blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to
fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, spread the
weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add decorative
colors or patterns to masonry walls. In its broadest sense,
mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay, as used
between mud bricks. The word "mortar" comes from
Latin [mortarium ], meaning crushed.
Masonry work is a
complex of processes that includes, in addition to the basic pr
ocesses (the laying of brick or other stone in mortar, the deliv
ery and laying out of the stone, and the smoothing of the mort
ar), related auxiliary processes (the erection of scaffolding an
d trestles and preparation of the materials at the construction 
site).

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 C. ROOF
A roof is the top covering of a building, including all
materials and constructions necessary to support it on the
walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection
against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature,
and wind. A roof is part of the building envelope.
The elements in the design of a roof are:
a. the material
b. the construction
c. the durability
TYPES OF ROOF
a. Asphalt shingles
b. Reinforced slab

c. Stone-coated roof
 D.STAIRCASE

A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or

simply stairs, is a construction designed to bridge a
large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight,
round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces
connected at angles.
[Each step is composed of tread and riser.]
 E.DOORS AND WINDOWS
A door is a movable barrier secured in an opening, known as the
doorway, through a building wall or partition for the purpose of
providing access to the inside of a building or rooms of a building.
A door is held in position by doorframes, the members of which are
located at the sides and top of the opening or doorway.
A window is defined as an opening in a wall of a
building to serve one or more of the functions like natural light,
natural ventilation and vision. The main function of a door in a
building is to serve as a connecting link between the internal parts
and to allow free movement to the outside of the building.
FUNCTIONS OF DOOR AND WINDOWS
1. They dominate the appearance of a building with their
form, structure and placement on the envelope.
2. when open, admit ventilation and light, facilitate views and
act as a barrier to noise.
3. serve as a connecting link between the various exterior and
interior portions of a building.
 F. FLOORING
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor,
or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering
is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over
a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are
used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
materials.
TYPES OF FLOORING
i. Timber Flooring
ii. Laminate flooring
iii. Vinyl flooring
iv. Bamboo flooring
v. Cork flooring
vi. Tile (porcelain or ceramic)
vii. Tile (natural stone)
viii. Carpet flooring
ix. Rubber Poured floors (mastic asphalt and polymeric)
 G.SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging is a temporary structure used to
support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance
and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds
are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be
otherwise hard to get to. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in
death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for
formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing
towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.
FUNCTIONS OF SCAFFOLD
1. Scaffold allows builders and workers on a construction site to work in
different places at the same time.
2. Transports a specific amount of building materials to different levels of a
structure.
3. Ensures safety of workers working from height.
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
i. Single scaffolding.
ii. Double scaffolding.
iii. Cantilever scaffolding.
iv. Suspended scaffolding etc.
 H.FINISHING WORKS
Finishing work is the concluding stage of construction; in many cases, the
overall quality of a building or structure being put into service depends on
the quality of its execution. The main types of finishing work include facing,
plastering, flooring (and parquetry), painting, wallpapering, and glazing.
*FUNCTION OF FINISHING WORKS

(a) Give protective cover

(b) Improve aesthetic view
(c) Rectify defective workmanship
(d) Finishing work for plinth consists in pointing while for floor it consists
in polishing.
TYPES OF FINISHING WORKS

i. Plastering and puttying

ii. Decorative plasterwork and mosaics
iii. Flooring
iv. Parquet and wooden flooring
v. Installation of bathtubs, sanitary equipment, boilers, etc.
vi. Air conditioners and heating
vii. Heating and ventilation systems
viii. Suspended ceilings
ix. Plasterboard
 OTHER SRERVICES IN
BUILDING
Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make
them comfortable, functional, efficient and safe. Building services
might include: Building control systems. Energy distribution.
Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as solar,
wind, geothermal and biomass).
BUILDING SERVICES MAY INCLUDE:
i. Building control systems.
ii. Energy distribution.
iii. Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as
solar, wind, geothermal and biomass).
iv. Escalators and lifts.
v. Facade engineering (such as building shading requirements).
vi. Fire safety, detection and protection.
vii. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
viii. Information and communications technology (ICT)
networks.
ix. Lighting (natural and artificial).
x. Lightning protection
Some pictures of OJT time