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    IPv 6

    Uploaded by

    Dev Vishwakarma
    This document provides an overview of IPv6, including: - IPv4 addressing is running out due to its limited 32-bit address space, while internet usage continues growing rapidly. IPv6 was developed to address this by providing a vastly larger 128-bit address space. - IPv6 features a simplified header compared to IPv4 and includes extensions headers to enhance capabilities like routing, security, and mobility. - IPv6 supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing network interfaces to automatically generate unique IP addresses without requiring input from a DHCP server. - Techniques like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT were used to extend the life of IPv4 but IPv6 aims to resolve addressing limits and improve features natively

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    IPv 6

    Uploaded by

    Dev Vishwakarma
    60 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview of IPv6, including: - IPv4 addressing is running out due to its limited 32-bit address space, while internet usage continues growing rapidly. IPv6 was developed to address this by providing a vastly larger 128-bit address space. - IPv6 features a simplified header compared to IPv4 and includes extensions headers to enhance capabilities like routing, security, and mobility. - IPv6 supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing network interfaces to automatically generate unique IP addresses without requiring input from a DHCP server. - Techniques like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT were used to extend the life of IPv4 but IPv6 aims to resolve addressing limits and improve features natively

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    IPv6

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    This document provides an overview of IPv6, including: - IPv4 addressing is running out due to its limited 32-bit address space, while internet usage continues growing rapidly. IPv6 was developed to address this by providing a vastly larger 128-bit address space. - IPv6 features a simplified header compared to IPv4 and includes extensions headers to enhance capabilities like routing, security, and mobility. - IPv6 supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing network interfaces to automatically generate unique IP addresses without requiring input from a DHCP server. - Techniques like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT were used to extend the life of IPv4 but IPv6 aims to resolve addressing limits and improve features natively

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    60 views21 pages

    IPv 6

    Uploaded by

    Dev Vishwakarma
    This document provides an overview of IPv6, including: - IPv4 addressing is running out due to its limited 32-bit address space, while internet usage continues growing rapidly. IPv6 was developed to address this by providing a vastly larger 128-bit address space. - IPv6 features a simplified header compared to IPv4 and includes extensions headers to enhance capabilities like routing, security, and mobility. - IPv6 supports stateless autoconfiguration allowing network interfaces to automatically generate unique IP addresses without requiring input from a DHCP server. - Techniques like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT were used to extend the life of IPv4 but IPv6 aims to resolve addressing limits and improve features natively

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    of 21

    Introduction to IPv6

    Presented by: Minal Mishra


    Agenda
     IP Network Addressing
     Classful IP addressing
     Techniques to reduce address
    shortage in IPv4
     Features of IPv6
     Header Comparisons
     Extension Headers
     Conclusions
    IP Network Addressing
     INTERNET  world’s largest public
    data network, doubling in size every nine
    months
     IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232
    (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available
     The first problem is concerned with the
    eventual depletion of the IP address
    space.
     Traditional model of classful addressing
    does not allow the address space to be
    used to its maximum potential.
    Classful Addressing
     When IP was first standardized in Sep
    1981, each system attached to the IP
    based Internet had to be assigned a
    unique 32-bit address
     The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves
    a two level addressing hierarchy

    Network Number/Prefix Host Number


    Classful Addressing…
     Divided into 5
    classes
     Class A 8 bits N/W
    id and 24 bits host
    id and so on B,C.
     Wastage of IP
    addresses by
    assigning blocks
    of addresses
    which fall along
    octet boundaries
    Techniques to reduce
    address shortage in IPv4

     Subnetting
     Classless Inter Domain Routing
    (CIDR)
     Network Address Translation (NAT)
    Subnetting
     Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet,
    and host.
     The extended-network-prefix is
    composed of the classful network-prefix
    and the subnet-number
     The extended-network-prefix has
    traditionally been identified by the
    subnet mask

    Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number


    Subnetting Example
    128.10.1.1
    H1 128.10.1.2
    H2

    Sub-network 128.10.1.0

    Internet G
    All traffic
    to 128.10.0.0
    128.10.2.1
    H3 128.10.2.2
    H4
    Net mask 255.255.0.0

    Sub-network 128.10.2.0

    Subnet mask 255.255.255.0


    Classless Inter-Domain
    Routing
     Eliminates traditional classful IP
    routing.
     Supports the deployment of
    arbitrarily sized networks
     Routing information is advertised
    with a bit mask/prefix length
    specifies the number of leftmost contiguous bits
    in the network portion of each routing table entry
     Example: 192.168.0.0/21
    CIDR Table Entry…
     Extract the destination IP address.
     Boolean AND the IP address with the
    subnet mask for each entry in the
    routing table.
     The answer you get after ANDing is
    checked with the base address entry
    corresponding to the subnet mask
    entry with which the destination entry
    was Boolean ANDed.
     If a match is obtained the packet is
    forwarded to the router with the
    corresponding base address
    Network Address
    Translation
     Each
    organization-
    single IP address 3 Reserved ranges
     Within 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
    organization –
    each host with IP 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576
    hosts)
    unique to the
    192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536
    orgn., from hosts)

    reserved set of IP
    addresses
    NAT Example
    10.0.0.4
    C

    10.0.0.1

    Source Source NAT Router's


    Source NAT Router's
    Computer's Computer's Assigned
    Computer IP Address
    IP Address Port Port Number

    A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1

    B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2

    C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3

    D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4


    Features of IPv6
     Larger Address Space
     Aggregation-based address hierarchy
    – Efficient backbone routing
     Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
     Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
     Security (IPsec mandatory)
     Mobility
    128-bit IPv6 Address
    3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

    8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”


    Leading zeros can be removed

    3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234

    :: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers


    Header comparison
    0 15 16 31
    vers hlen TOS total length Removed (6)
    identification flags flag-offset • ID, flags, flag offset
    20 TTL protocol header checksum • TOS, hlen
    bytes
    source address • header checksum
    destination address

    options and padding


    Changed (3)
    • total length => payload
    IPv4 • protocol => next header
    • TTL => hop limit
    vers traffic class flow-label
    Added (2)
    payload length next header hop limit
    • traffic class
    40
    bytes
    source address • flow label

    destination address
    Expanded
    • address 32 to 128 bits
    IPv6
    Major Improvements of
    IPv6 Header
     No option field: Replaced by
    extension header. Result in a fixed
    length, 40-byte IP header.
     No header checksum: Result in fast
    processing.
     No fragmentation at intermediate
    nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.
    Extension Headers
     Routing – Extended routing, like IPv4
    loose list of routers to visit
     Fragmentation – Fragmentation and
    reassembly
     Authentication – Integrity and
    authentication, security
     Encapsulation – Confidentiality
     Hop-by-Hop Option – Special options that
    require hop-by-hop processing
     Destination Options – Optional
    information to be examined by the
    destination node
    Stateless Address
    Autoconfiguration
     3 ways to configure network
    interfaces: Manually, Stateful,
    Stateless
     IPSAA IPv6 addr. Separated into 2 2
    parts: network and interface id.
     Link- local addresses: prefix FE80::0
    + interface identifier (EUI-64 format)
     Obtain network id through Router
    solicitation (RS)
    Conclusion
     IPv6 is NEW …
    – built on the experiences learned from IPv4
    – new features
    – large address space
    – new efficient header
    – autoconfiguration
     … and OLD
    – still IP
    – build on a solid base
    – started in 1995, a lot of implementations
    and tests done
    References
     IPng wg:
    http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html
     NGtrans: http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans
     IPv6 users site: http://www.ipv6.org
     IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
     Normos (Internet standards):
    http://www.normos.org
    Any Questions??

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