Introduction to psychology

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting
behaviour in a given context.
Psychology as a science of soul

 Psychology as science of soul: Psychology has come from the Greek word
'psyche' which means 'soul' and 'logos' which means 'to study'. Thus, psychology
means study of soul. ... Science is based on practical knowledge and implies
it to help in prediction. Science helps to improve knowledge based on
empirical observation.
Pythagoras

 He proposed that body is a prison for soul after the death of an individual soul
becomes free and roam any where according to its will
Socrates

 He was the first who introduced the word psyche .He advocated that body is
greater than soul . He believed that soul is immortal and not the body. He
said that everybody must seek the knowledge to make the soul pure.
Plato

 Plato proposed that the human psyche was the seat of all knowledge and
that the human mind was imprinted with all of the knowledge it
needed. ... In his famous work, 'The Republic,' Plato further developed this
idea and first proposed the idea that the mind consisted of three interwoven
parts, called the Tripartite Mind.
Aristotle

 Aristotle believed that, alongside the 'Libido,' were 'Id' and 'Ego,' the idea of
desire and reason, two forces that determined actions. Aristotle's psychology
proposed that allowing desire to dominate reason would lead to an
unhealthy imbalance and the tendency to perform bad actions.
Psychology as a science of mind

 Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the
American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline
and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development,
sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.
Aspects

 Science of A,B,C,(Affect,Behaviour and congnition) What he or she is feeling

(A) ,doing (B) and thinking (C).
Psychology as a science of consciousness

 Once psychology was established as a discipline separate from philosophy and

biology, the study of the conscious experience became one of the first topics
studied by early psychologists. Structuralists used a process known as
introspection to analyze and report conscious sensations, thoughts, and
experiences.
John dewey

 He suggested that consciousness is purposeful and every one can analyze its
conscious experiences
Psychology as a science of Behaviour

 What a living thing does is generally known as behavior .it means responses or
reactions to various kinds of stimuli.
 Pillsbury; Was the first person who used this term for psychology
 W.Macdogall; Also adopted this definition for psychology.
Goal of psychology

 So as you have learned, the four primary goals of psychology are to describe,
explain, predict, and change behavior. In many ways, these objectives are
similar to the kinds of things you probably do every day as you interact with
others
Changing definition of psychology

  1: the science of mind and behavior.

 2a : the mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group.
 b : the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or
activity.
 3 : a theory or system of psychology Freudian psychology the psychology of Jung.
Clinical and counselling psychology

 To paint a key difference between clinical and counseling psychology, the

clinical branch focuses on psychopathology — the study of mental disorders.
On the flipside, counseling psychologists help patients or clients address
emotional, social, and physical stressors in their lives
Psychiatrists and clinical psychologist

 Psychiatrists are trained to do therapy like clinical psychologists, but many

times they focus on medication management. ... The difference is that a
psychiatrist is a medical doctor, and a clinical psychologist is a doctor who
has earned a doctorate in the field of clinical psychology.
Experimental psychology

 Experimental psychology is concerned with testing theories of human

thoughts, feelings, actions, and beyond – any aspect of being human that
involves the mind. This is a broad category that features many branches
within it (e.g. behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology)
Development psychology

 Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human

beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants
and ...
 Developmental biology · Cognitive development ·
Social emotional development
Social psychology

 Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings,

beliefs, intentions and goals are constructed within a social context by the
actual or imagined interactions with others. ... 'the scientific field that seeks
to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior in social situations'
School and educational psychology

 Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including

teaching methods, instructional processes, and individual differences in
learning. The goal is to understand how people learn and retain new
information.
Forensic psychology

 Forensic psychology, as defined by the American Psychological Association,

is the application of clinical specialties to the legal arena.
Sports psychology

 Sports psychology is the study of how psychological factors influence sports,

athletic performance, exercise, and physical activity.
Personality psychology

 Professionals who study personality psychology want to understand

how personality develops as well as how it influences the way we think and 
RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

 The Three Types of Psychology Research

 Causal or Experimental Research.
 Descriptive Research.
 Relational or Correlational Research
 Research Methods · Aims and Hypotheses · Sampling · Variables ·
Experimental Design · Lab Experiment · Field Experiment · Natural
Experiment · Case Study.
Goal of resarch

 The primary goal or purpose of research in any field of inquiry; is to add to

what is known about the phenomenon under investigation through the
application of scientific methods.
Methods of study

 1 Observatinal method 2 survey method 3 interview method 4 day book

method 5 case history or clinical method 6 Biographical Method 7
Experimental Method 8 Statistical method
Observation

 Observation is one method for collecting research data. It involves watching

a participant and recording relevant behavior for later analysis
Goal

 Goals Definition. Goals are a form of self-regulation adopted by humans to

achieve specific aims. By focusing people's attention, goals facilitate
responses that are compatible with people's objectives. ... Humans have the
ability to regulate their responses beyond biologically based propensities.
Types of observation

 When it comes to observational research, you have three different types of

methodologies: controlled observations, naturalistic observations, and
participant observations. Let's quickly look at what each type of observation
includes, how they differ, and the strengths and weaknesses of each type of
observation.
INTROSPECTION

 Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and

feelings. In psychology, the process of introspection relies on the observation
of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the
examination of one's soul.
EXTERNAL OBSERVATION

 Observation Methods - Naturalistic, Participant and Controlled

 Observation (watching what people do) would seem to be an
obvious method of ... Controlled observations are fairly quick to conduct
which means that many ...
 Controlled Observations · Naturalistic Observations · Participant Observation
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

 Naturalistic observation is a research method that is used by psychologists

and other social scientists. The technique involves observing subjects in
their natural environment. It can be used if conducting lab research would
be unrealistic, cost-prohibitive, or would unduly affect the subject's behavior.
Overt observation

 Overt observation is where those being observed are aware of the fact. ...
This is the most ethical form of observation, as it requires no deception and
participants are able to give their informed consent. However, this form of
observation is the method most at risk of the Hawthorne Effect.
Covert observation

 Covert observation is a particular type of participant observation in which

the identity of the researcher, the nature of the research project, and the
fact that participants are being observed are concealed from those who are
being studied.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

 Correlational studies are a type of research often used in psychology, as well

as other fields like medicine. ... Researchers use correlations to see if a
relationship between two or more variables exists, but the variables
themselves are not under the control of the researchers.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

 The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine

if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method
relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of
variables to test a hypothesis.
STEPS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

 1 Formulation of problem 2 Hypothesis and variables 3 EXPERIMENTAL design

4 Experimental and control group 5 Controlled conditions 6Apparatus
7Analysis of result
Formulation of problem

 A formulation is a joint effort between you and the psychologist to

summarise your difficulties, to explain why they may be happening and to
make sense of them. It may include past difficulties and experiences if these
are relevant to the present. It acknowledges your strengths and resources
Hypothesis

 Hypothesis  an empirically testable proposition about some fact, behavior,

relationship, or the like, usually based on theory, that states an expected
outcome resulting from specific conditions or assumptions
Variables

 A variable is something that can be changed or altered, such as a

characteristic or value. Variables are generally used in psychology
experiments to determine if changes to one thing result in changes to another
Independent variables

 The independent variable (IV) is the characteristic of a psychology

experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other
variables in the experiment. For example, in an experiment looking at the
effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable
Dependent variables

 The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in

an experiment. ... In a psychology experiment, researchers are looking at
how changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent
variable.
Extraneous variables

 In an experiment, an extraneous variable is any variable that you're not

investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research
study. If left uncontrolled, extraneous variables can lead to inaccurate
conclusions about the relationship between independent and dependent
variables
Experimental desgin

 Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the

different groups in an experiment. Types of design include repeated
measures, independent groups, and matched pairs designs.
Experimental and controlled group

 An experimental group is the group that receives the variable being tested
in an experiment. The control group is the group in an experiment that does
not receive the variable you are testing. For your experiment, the bag of
popcorn that remained stored in the cabinet is the control group
Control group

 The control group is composed of participants who do not receive the

experimental treatment. When conducting an experiment, these people are
randomly assigned to be in this group. They also closely resemble the
participants who are in the experimental group or the individuals who receive
the treatmen
Experimental group

 In a psychology experiment, the experimental group (or experimental

condition) refers to the group of participants who are exposed to the
independent variable. These participants receive or are exposed to the
treatment variable
Controlled C ONDITIONS

  control condition - a standard against which other conditions can be

compared in a scientific experiment; "the control condition was
inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw" control. experiment,
experimentation - the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation.
apparatus

 Apparatus broadly refers to the equipment, machinery, or structure that is

necessary for a particular purpose or activity. In psychology, this means the
equipment or measures that are necessary for conducting research.
Analysis of result

 Results Analysis will help you understand how your students are learning,
and how they have performed in each area of the syllabus. ... You can
analyse data at whole school and individual candidate level, look at your
overall results, or focus on how your students have performed in specific
areas of the syllabus.
SURVEY METHOD

 A survey can be administered as a structured interview or as a self-report

measure, and data can be collected in person, over the phone, or on a
computer. Surveys allow researchers to collect a large amount of data in a
relatively short period. Surveys are less expensive than many other data
collection techniques
STEPS OF SURVEY METHOD

 1 Formulation of problem 2 Population and sampling 3 Tools of survey 4 Data

collection 5 Data analysis 6 Results
FORMULATION OF PROBLEM

 A formulation is a joint effort between you and the psychologist to

summarise your difficulties, to explain why they may be happening and to
make sense of them. It may include past difficulties and experiences if these
are relevant to the present. It acknowledges your strengths and resources.
HYPOTHESIS

 hypotheses) an empirically testable proposition about some fact, behavior,

relationship, or the like, usually based on theory, that states an expected
outcome resulting from specific conditions or assumptions
POPULATION AND SAMPLING

 A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of
the sample is always less than the total size of the population. In research, a
population doesn't always refer to people
SAMPLING TYPES

 There are four main types of probability sample.

 Simple random sampling. In a simple random sample, every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. ...
 Systematic sampling. ...
 Stratified sampling. ...
 Cluster sampling.
TOOLS OF SURVEY

 We took a look at the many survey tools available online and evaluated
them to come up with our eight favorites:
 SoGoSurvey.
 Survey Monkey.
 Typeform.
 Google Forms.
 Client Heartbeat.
 Zoho Survey.
 Survey Gizmo.
 Survey Planet.
Questionnarie

 A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions

for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires
can be thought of as a kind of written interview. ... Often a questionnaire
uses both open and closed questions to collect data.
CONSTRUCTION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE

 Questionnaire construction refers to the design of a questionnaire to gather

statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly
constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires can provide
valuable data about any given subject.
DATA COLLECTION

 Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and

analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques.
Data analysis

 Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and

modelling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Results

 A psychology dictionary defines it as feedback of information: ... It describes

the situation where a subject gets information which helps them to change
behaviour in a desirable way, or to gain understanding
 THANKYOU!

 Submitted by Hassan Raza – 537

 Submitted to Ma’am Toba
 BS ENGLISH (1st Semester)
 Session 2021 to 2025 (morning)
 Government Municipal Graduate College, Faisalabad