EEE0116

Chapter 18: C++ as a better C;

Introducing Object Technology

C How to Program
1 Deitel & Deitel
 2

Outline
 Introduction
 C++
 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
 Inline Functions
 References and Reference Parameters
 Empty Parameter Lists
 Default Arguments
 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
 Function Overloading
 Function Templates
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Introduction
 Two additional programming concepts:
 Object-oriented programming
 Classes,encapsulation, operator everloading, inheritance
and polymorphism
 Generic programming
 Function templates and class templates
 4

C++
 C++ was developed by B. Stroustrup
 Originally called “C with classes”
 C++ improves C’s features
 C++ provides object-oriented programming
 Increase software productivity, quality and
reusability
 C++ file names have one of several extensions:
.cpp, .cxx or .C
 5

A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

1 // Fig. 18.1: fig18_01.cpp
2 // Addition program that displays the sum of two numbers.
3 #include <iostream> // allows program to perform input and output
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int number1; // first integer to add
8
9 std::cout << "Enter first integer: "; // prompt user for data
10 std::cin >> number1; // read first integer from user into number1
11
12 int number2; // second integer to add
13 int sum; // sum of number1 and number2
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer: "; // prompt user for data
16 std::cin >> number2; // read second integer from user into number2
17 sum = number1 + number2; // add the numbers; store result in sum
18 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // display sum; end line
19
20 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
21 } // end function main

Enter first integer: 45

Enter second integer: 72
Sum is 117
 6

A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

 // comment is maximum one line long
 iostream must be included to use input/output
operations
 C++ requires that all functions should have return
types
 Declarations can be placed anywhere in a C++
program (you should define a variable before you use
it)
 7

A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

 To read a value from keyboard input stram object
cin is used.
 >> is stream extraction operator.
 Waits for a user to enter a value. Converts value to
variable (placed right of operator) data type.
 cin>>number1; reads an integer from keyboard and
stores it in variable number1.
 8

A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers

 endl is used to output a newline. It also flushes the
buffer.
 cout is output stream object and is used to output on
the screen.
 << is stream insertion operator and it knows how to
output each data type
 9

Inline Functions
 Inlinefunctions reduce function call overhead.
 Keyword inline before a function’s return type in the
function definition indicates that compiler generates
o copy of the function’s code in place.
 The compiler can ignore inline qualifier.
 10

References and Reference Parameters

 Reference parameter is an alias for its corresponding
argument in a function call.
 & operator is placed after the parameter data type in
function prototype and function header.
 int &aref; aref is a reference to an integer value.
 Parameter name in function actually refers to the
original variable .
 Simulate call by reference.
 11

References and Reference Parameters

1 // Fig. 18.5: fig18_05.cpp
2 // Comparing pass-by-value and pass-by-reference with references.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 int squareByValue( int ); // function prototype (value pass)
8 void squareByReference( int & ); // function prototype (reference pass)
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 int x = 2; // value to square using squareByValue
13 int z = 4; // value to square using squareByReference
14
15 // demonstrate squareByValue
16 cout << "x = " << x << " before squareByValue\n";
17 cout << "Value returned by squareByValue: "
18 << squareByValue( x ) << endl;
19 cout << "x = " << x << " after squareByValue\n" << endl;
20
21 // demonstrate squareByReference
22 cout << "z = " << z << " before squareByReference" << endl;
23 squareByReference( z );
24 cout << "z = " << z << " after squareByReference" << endl;
25 return 0; // indicates successful termination
26 } // end main
 12

References and Reference Parameters

27
28 // squareByValue multiplies number by itself, stores the
29 // result in number and returns the new value of number
30 int squareByValue( int number )
31 {
32 return number *= number; // caller's argument not modified
33 } // end function squareByValue
34
35 // squareByReference multiplies numberRef by itself and stores the result
36 // in the variable to which numberRef refers in the caller
37 void squareByReference( int &numberRef )
38 {
39 numberRef *= numberRef; // caller's argument modified
40 } // end function squareByReference

x = 2 before squareByValue
Value returned by squareByValue: 4
x = 2 after squareByValue

z = 4 before squareByReference
z = 16 after squareByReference
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References and Reference Parameters

 References can also be created and used in a
function.
 All operations performed in reference is actually
performed in original variable.
 References must be initialized in their declarations.
 Example:

int a=1;
int &aref=a;
aref++;
The value of a is 2. It is incremented through alias aref.
 14

Empty Parameter Lists

 Specified by writing either void or nothing at all.
 void print(); or void print(void);
 Both print functions do not take any arguments and
do not return a value.
 15

Default Arguments
 A default argument is a default value to be passed to
a parameter.
 It is used when the function call does not specify an
argument for that parameter.
 Must be the rightmost argument(s) in parameter list.
 16

Default Arguments
1 // Fig. 18.8: fig18_08.cpp
2 // Using default arguments.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 // function prototype that specifies default arguments
8 int boxVolume( int length = 1, int width = 1, int height = 1 );
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 // no arguments--use default values for all dimensions
13 cout << "The default box volume is: " << boxVolume();
14
15 // specify length; default width and height
16 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
17 << "width 1 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume( 10 );
18
19 // specify length and width; default height
20 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
21 << "width 5 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume( 10, 5 );
22
23 // specify all arguments
24 cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
25 << "width 5 and height 2 is: " << boxVolume( 10, 5, 2 )
26 << endl;
27 return 0; // indicates successful termination
28 } // end main
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Default Arguments

29
30 // function boxVolume calculates the volume of a box
31 int boxVolume( int length, int width, int height )
32 {
33 return length * width * height;
34 } // end function boxVolume

The default box volume is: 1

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 1 and height 1 is: 10

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 5 and height 1 is: 50

The volume of a box with length 10,

width 5 and height 2 is: 100
 18

Unary Scope Resolution Operator

 Unary scope resolution operator (::)
 The unary scope resolution operator is used to access
a global variable if in local scope there is a varible
with the same name.
1 // Fig. 18.9: fig18_09.cpp
2 // Using the unary scope resolution operator.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 int number = 7; // global variable named number
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 double number = 10.5; // local variable named number
12
13 // display values of local and global variables
14 cout << "Local double value of number = " << number
15 << "\nGlobal int value of number = " << ::number << endl;
16 return 0; // indicates successful termination
17 } // end main

Local double value of number = 10.5

Global int value of number = 7
 19

Function Overloading
 Overloaded functions have same name but different
sets of parameters.
 Compiler selects the correct function based on the
number, types and order of arguments.
 They usually are used perform similar tasks on
different data types.
 20

Function Overloading
1 // Fig. 18.10: fig18_10.cpp
2 // Overloaded functions.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::endl;
6
7 // function square for int values
8 int square( int x )
9 {
10 cout << "square of integer " << x << " is ";
11 return x * x;
12 } // end function square with int argument
13
14 // function square for double values
15 double square( double y )
16 {
17 cout << "square of double " << y << " is ";
18 return y * y;
19 } // end function square with double argument
20
21 int main()
22 {
23 cout << square( 7 ); // calls int version
24 cout << endl;
25 cout << square( 7.5 ); // calls double version
26 cout << endl;
27 return 0; // indicates successful termination
28 } // end main

square of integer 7 is 49
square of double 7.5 is 56.25
 21

Function Templates
 Template functions are defined once and used for
different data types.
 Identical program logic and operations for each
datat type
 Begins with the template keyword.
1 // Fig. 18.12: maximum.h
2 // Definition of function template maximum.
3
4 template < class T > // or template< typename T >
5 T maximum( T value1, T value2, T value3 )
6 {
7 T maximumValue = value1; // assume value1 is maximum
8
9 // determine whether value2 is greater than maximumValue
10 if ( value2 > maximumValue )
11 maximumValue = value2;
12
13 // determine whether value3 is greater than maximumValue
14 if ( value3 > maximumValue )
15 maximumValue = value3;
16
17 return maximumValue;
18 } // end function template maximum
 22

Function Templates
1 // Fig. 18.13: fig18_13.cpp
2 // Function template maximum test program.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cout;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include "maximum.h" // include definition of function template maximum
9
10 int main()
11 {
12 // demonstrate maximum with int values
13 int int1, int2, int3;
14
15 cout << "Input three integer values: ";
16 cin >> int1 >> int2 >> int3;
17
18 // invoke int version of maximum
19 cout << "The maximum integer value is: "
20 << maximum( int1, int2, int3 );
21
22 // demonstrate maximum with double values
23 double double1, double2, double3;
24
25 cout << "\n\nInput three double values: ";
26 cin >> double1 >> double2 >> double3;
27
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Function Templates
28 // invoke double version of maximum
29 cout << "The maximum double value is: "
30 << maximum( double1, double2, double3 );
31
32 // demonstrate maximum with char values
33 char char1, char2, char3;
34
35 cout << "\n\nInput three characters: ";
36 cin >> char1 >> char2 >> char3;
37
38 // invoke char version of maximum
39 cout << "The maximum character value is: "
40 << maximum( char1, char2, char3 ) << endl;
41 return 0; // indicates successful termination
42 } // end main

Input three integer values: 1 2 3

The maximum integer value is: 3

Input three double values: 3.3 2.2 1.1

The maximum double value is: 3.3

Input three characters: A C B

The maximum character value is: C