ITEMS 1-10

1. Which of the following refers to the examination of relationship between

pre and perinatal breastfeeding risk factors and the number and severity of
breastfeeding problems in the first week postpartum?
a. DESCRIPTIVE
b. CORRELATIONAL
c. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
d. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: B IS THE CORRECT ANSWER SINCE IT INVOLVES THE MEASUREMENT OF TWO OR MORE
RELEVANT VARIABLES AND AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OR AMONG THOSE
VARIABLES THAT ALLOWS TESTING OF EXPECTED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND AMONG
VARIABLES AND MAKING OF PREDICTIONS.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://LEARN.CANVAS.NET/COURSES/65/PAGES/STANGOR-2-DOT-2-PSYCHOLOGISTS-USE-DESCRIPTI
VE-CORRELATIONAL-AND-EXPERIMENTAL-RESEARCH-DESIGNS
2. Mae’s study involved an elderly woman living in a nursing home who was
not feeding herself. This involved a longitudinal study of the woman’s eating
patterns before and after the institution of a treatment to promote self-feeding
behavior. What type of research design is this?
a. LONGITUDINAL
b. CASE STUDY
c. PHENOMENOLOGY
d. EVALUATIVE
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: B IS THE CORRECT ANSWER SINCE IT INVOLVES THE MEASUREMENT OF TWO OR
MORE RELEVANT VARIABLES AND AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OR AMONG
THOSE VARIABLES THAT ALLOWS TESTING OF EXPECTED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND AMONG
VARIABLES AND MAKING OF PREDICTIONS.
REFERENCE: HTTPS://PEDIAA.COM/DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-CASE-STUDY-AND-PHENOMENOLOGY/
3. The purposes of the study were to determine the incidence and severity of
selected stressors and the coping strategies used by a group of postoperative
renal transplant patients and to explore the influence of time on stress and
coping patterns. What type of research design is this?
a. DESCRIPTIVE
b. CORRELATIONAL
c. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
d. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: B IS THE CORRECT ANSWER SINCE IN CORRELATIONAL STUDIES A RESEARCHER LOOKS
FOR ASSOCIATIONS AMONG NATURALLY OCCURRING VARIABLES, WHEREAS IN EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES THE RESEARCHER INTRODUCES A CHANGE AND THEN MONITORS ITS EFFECTS.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://CONDOR.DEPAUL.EDU/TCOLE/RESEARCH_METHODS/CORRELATEX.HTM#:~:TEXT=IN%20COR
RELATIONAL%20STUDIES%20A%20RESEARCHER,AND%20THEN%20MONITORS%20ITS%20EFFECTS
4. Harry conducted a study regarding a theoretically based scale to measure
the degree of humanistic health care in hospital setting as perceived by
nursing personnel. What type of research design is this?
a. EVALUATIVE
b. SURVEY
c. METHODOLOGICAL
d. TREND
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: A IS THE CORRECT ANSWER AS IT IS CONCERNED WITH THE EVALUATION OF SUCH
OCCURRENCES AS SOCIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROGRAMS OR INTERVENTION.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://WWW.IEDUNOTE.COM/EVALUATIVE-RESEARCH#:~:TEXT=EVALUATIVE%20RESEARCH%2C%
20AS%20THE%20NAME,AND%20ORGANIZATIONAL%20PROGRAMS%20OR%20INTERVENTION.&TEXT
=IN%20SUCH%20CASES%2C%20EVALUATIVE%20RESEARCH,EFFECT%20OF%20THE%20PROGRAM%2
0ACTIVITIES
5. Herbert explored the meaning of “caring” for nursing and investigated the
relationship between nursing and womanhood as it evolved over the last
century. What type of research design is this?
a. EVALUATIVE
b. SURVEY
c. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
d. HISTORICAL
ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER BECAUSE HISTORICAL RESEARCH INVOLVES STUDYING,
UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETING PAST EVENTS TO REACH INSIGHTS OR CONCLUSIONS
ABOUT PAST PERSONS OR OCCURRENCES.
REFERENCE:
HTTP://SCHOOLS.YRDSB.CA/MARKVILLE.SS/HISTORY/HONOURS/RESEARCHMETHODS.HTML
6. Jordan and Johnson used a mailed questionnaire to collect data from a
sample of nearly 400 senior citizens. The study was designed to describe the
health behavior of the elderly and to explore the determinants and health
consequences of that behavior. What type of research design is this?
a. CASE STUDY
b. SURVEY
c. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
d. CORRELATIONAL
ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER SINCE WE USE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN TO
DETERMINE THE EXTENT TO WHICH TWO FACTORS ARE RELATED, NOT THE EXTENT TO WHICH
ONE FACTOR CAUSES CHANGES IN ANOTHER FACTOR.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://WWW.SAGEPUB.COM/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/UPM-BINARIES/57732_CHAPTER_8.PDF
7. The purposes of the study was to test the effects of non-oscillating
waterbed floatation on indicators of energy expenditure in preterm infants’
motor activity, heart rate and behavioral state. What type of research design
is this?

a. DESCRIPTIVE
b. CORRELATIONAL
c. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
d. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: A IS THE CORRECT ANSWER BECAUSE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH PROVIDES A
RELATIVELY COMPLETE PICTURE OF WHAT IS OCCURRING AT A GIVEN TIME.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://LEARN.CANVAS.NET/COURSES/65/PAGES/STANGOR-2-DOT-2-PSYCHOLOGISTS-USE-DESCRIP
TIVE-CORRELATIONAL-AND-EXPERIMENTAL-RESEARCH-DESIGNS
 8. Marie immersed in a large village and a city in the Mt. Province. The
study explored the role of nurses and the degree to which they collaborate
with ethnomedical practitioners and the tensions that arise among nurses.
What type of research design is this?
a. ETHNOGRAPHY
b. SURVEY
c. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
d. CORRELATIONAL
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: A IS CORRECT SINCE MARIE WAS IMMERSED IN THAT PLACE AND ETHNOGRAPHY IS
WHERE RESEARCHERS OBSERVE AND/OR INTERACT WITH A STUDY’S PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR
REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENT.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://WWW.SPOTLESS.CO.UK/INSIGHTS/ETHNOGRAPHY-WHEN-AND-HOW/#:~:TEXT=WHAT%20IS%20ETHNOGR
APHIC%20RESEARCH%3F,IN%20THEIR%20REAL%2DLIFE%20ENVIRONMENT.&TEXT=THE%20AIM%20OF%20AN%2
0ETHNOGRAPHIC,AND%20ALL%20ITS%20ASSOCIATED%20ISSUES
9. Kay studied the effectiveness of expansion exercise in the management of
capsular contractures, a frequently observed complication in surgical
enlargement of the breast. Subjects were randomly assigned to an
experimental group, which was given expansion exercise instruction or a
control group, which was not. What type of research design is this?
a. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
b. CORRELATIONAL
c. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
d. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: A IS THE CORRECT ANSWER BECAUSE IN TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, THE RESEARCHER
RANDOMLY ASSIGNS SUBJECTS TO CONTROL AND TREATMENT GROUPS WHILE IN QUASI-
EXPERIMENTAL SOME OTHER, NON-RANDOM METHOD IS USED TO ASSIGN SUBJECTS TO GROUPS.
REFERENCE: HTTPS://WWW.SCRIBBR.COM/METHODOLOGY/QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN/
 10. The purposes of the study was to examine the effects of selected
feeding tube properties on the incidence of tube clogging and the efficacy
of three irrigants in preventing tube clogging. What type of research design
is this?
a. DESCRIPTIVE
b. CORRELATIONAL
c. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
d. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: A IS THE CORRECT ANSWER BECAUSE DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH PROVIDES A
RELATIVELY COMPLETE PICTURE OF WHAT IS OCCURRING AT A GIVEN TIME.
REFERENCE:
HTTPS://LEARN.CANVAS.NET/COURSES/65/PAGES/STANGOR-2-DOT-2-PSYCHOLOGISTS-USE-DESCRIP
TIVE-CORRELATIONAL-AND-EXPERIMENTAL-RESEARCH-DESIGNS
ITEMS 11-20
11. Kurt studied and made an analysis of the different articles written about the images of
nurses. What type of research design is this?
A. Historical
B. Survey
C. Explanatory
D. Evaluative
ANSWER: (A) Historical
RATIONALE: Historical research are usually in the form of written records: diaries, letters,
newspapers, medical documents, and so forth. Nonwritten materials, such photographs
and films, can be forms of historical data. Surveys obtain information about people’s
actions, knowledge, intentions, and opinions by self-report. Explanatory research seeks to
understand the underlying causes or full nature of a phenomenon. Evaluation research
focuses on developing useful information about a program or policy-information that
decision makers need on whether to adopt, modify, or abandon the program.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research:
Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.279
12. A clinical instructor conducted research to determine the effectiveness of the COPAR program of the
college of nursing where she works. What type of research design is this?
A. Evaluative
B. Survey
C. Explanatory
D. Historical
ANSWER: (A) Evaluative
RATIONALE: Evaluation research assesses the effectiveness of a program, policy, or procedure to assist
decision makers in choosing a course of action. Evaluations can answer a variety of questions. Survey
research examines people’s characteristics, behaviors, intentions, and opinions by asking them to
answer questions. Surveys can be administered through personal (face-to-face) interviews, telephone
interviews, or self-administered questionnaires. Explanatory research seeks to understand the
underlying causes or full nature of a phenomenon. Historical research is usually in the form of written
records: diaries, letters, newspapers, medical documents, and so forth. Nonwritten materials, such
photographs and films, can be forms of historical data.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence
for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.324
13. A researcher designed an observation tool that she will utilize in her study entitled
the effects of structured preoperative teachings on the recovery of post-surgical
patients. What type of research design is this?
A. True experimental
B. False experimental
C. Quasi-experimental
D. Non experimental
ANSWER: (C) Quasi-experimental
RATIONALE: Like a true experiment, a quasi-experimental design aims to establish a
cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
Nonexperimental designs include research designs in which an experimenter simply
either describes a group or examines relationships between preexisting groups. There is
no false experimental research design.
REFERENCE/S: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quasi-experimental-design/
14. Nurse Susan conducted a study regarding the beliefs and practices of the Pangasinense
regarding birthing. She then politely requested from the traditional birth attendant that she be
present to observe during the labor and delivery of a mother. What type of research design is this?
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded Theory
C. Ethnography
D. Case Study
ANSWER: (C) Ethnography
RATIONALE: Ethnography involves the description and interpretation of a culture and cultural
behavior. Culture refers to the way a group of people live-the patterns of human activity and the
values and norms that give activity significance. Phenomenology is an approach to understanding
people’s everyday life experiences. Its main data source is in-depth conversations. Grounded theory
uses constant comparison. Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single entity or small
number of entities.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising
evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.273-274
15. The method of developing and expanding base of knowledge that can be used as a guide
to nursing practice is which of the following?
A. Nursing Care C. Nursing Jurisprudence
B. Nursing Process D. Nursing Research
ANSWER: (D) Nursing Research
RATIONALE: Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy
evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients. Nursing care is the
provision of care that can under the supervision of other health care members. Nursing
Process is a problem-solving method used to develop evidence-based plans for patient care
as they respond to actual or potential health problems. Nursing Jurisprudence is the
application of the principles of law as they relate to the practice of nursing, to the
obligations of nurses to their patients, and to the relations of nurses with each other and
with other health care professionals.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research:
Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 33
16. Kennedy systematically observed that the participation of the PCC nursing students tends to
increase during the last week before an exam. He formulated a theory relating the remaining days
of the exam to the level of anxiety of the students? He is using which type of reasoning?
A. Inductive
B. Intuitive
C. Deductive
D. Generalizing
ANSWER: (A) Inductive
RATIONALE: Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from specific observations to more
general rules. Deductive reasoning is the process of developing specific predictions from general
principles. Intuitive means having the ability to understand or know something without any direct
evidence or reasoning process. Generalizing the findings from the researcher’s sample to the
accessible population and
a broader target population.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising
evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.552aA
17. The importance of nursing research is which of the following?
A. Provide a basis for care from traditions
B. Generate evidence to guide nursing practice and to improve the care and quality of life
of clients
C. Use of instincts to provide care for patients
D. Develop new skills and to keep up-to-date on relevant findings for own self
ANSWER: (B) Generate evidence to guide nursing practice and to improve the care and
quality of life of clients
RATIONALE: Nursing research generate evidence to guide nursing practice and to
improve the care and quality of life of clients which is a systematic inquiry designed to
develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nurses
and their clients. It not providing a basis of care from tradition, using of instincts and up to
date relevant findings to self.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research:
Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.33
18. Which of the following refers to the use of findings from research in a practice
setting?
A. Nursing Research C. Journal Club
B. Research Utilization D. Nursing Administration
ANSWER: (B) Research Utilization
RATIONALE: Research utilization is the use of findings from studies in a practical
application that is unrelated to the original research. The emphasis is on translating
new knowledge into real-world applications. Journal club is a group that meets in
clinical settings to discuss and critique research articles appearing in journals.
Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence
about issues of importance to nurses and their clients. Nursing administration
encompasses a wide variety of executive-level nursing tasks.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research:
Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.58
19. There are many purposes of nursing research. Which of the following is the
general purpose of nursing research?
A. Eliminate nursing actions that do not achieve desired outcomes
B. Answer questions and solve problems relevant to nursing
C. Identify the practices that improve health care
D. Understand a particular nursing situation
ANSWER: (B) Answer questions and solve problems relevant to nursing
RATIONALE: Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods
to answer questions and solve problems. A,C, and D are goals but not the main
purpose of nursing research.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing
research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.
33
20. Situation: Group Pines conducted research for their requirement in their third-year
level. The group formulated the question: “Does the type of health care provider affect
hypertension care in adult women?

20. The type of health care provider is which of the following?

A. Dependent variable C. External variable
B. Independent variable D. Extraneous variable
ANSWER: (B) Independent variable
RATIONALE: The presumed cause is the independent variable, and the presumed effect
is the dependent or outcome variable. Extraneous variable is variable that confounds the
relationship between the independent and dependent variables and that needs to be
controlled either in the research design or through statistical procedures; often called
confounding variable.
REFERENCE/S: Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research:
Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp.89
ITEMS 21-30
21. 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings is which of the following?
 
A. SUBJECT                        C.  INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE                D.  CONSTRUCT

ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The behavior that is potentially affected by the treatment and that we measure. the dependent
variable is always a measure of behavior that we record after first manipulating the independent variable. it is
referred to as dependent because changes in it depend on the effects of the independent variable. ( c ) while
independent variable, or treatment, is under the control of and administered by the experimenter (a) subjects are the
one being studied (d) construct refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred from situations or
behaviors.
REFERENCE:
DENISE_F._POLIT_ESSENTIALS_OF_NURSING_RESEARCH_APPRAISING_EVIDENCE_FOR_NURSING_
PRACTICE_ESSENTIALS_OF_NURSING_RESEARCH_POLIT____2009.(P69)PDF
22. Adult women are which of the following?
A. Variables                C.  Construct
B. Subjects                D.  Phenomena
ANSWER: B
Rationale: because in a quantitative study, the people being studied are called subjects or study
participants, while; (A)Variables, as the name implies, is something that varies.(Weight, anxiety, and
body temperature) which are all variables—each varies from one person to another, ( C) Construct
refers to an abstraction or mental representation inferred from situations or behaviors, (D)
Phenomena are called abstractions. For example, the terms pain, spirituality, and resilience are all
abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristics.
Reference:
Denise_F._Polit_Essentials_of_Nursing_Research_Appraising_Evidence_for_Nursing_Practice_Ess
entials_of_Nursing_Research_Polit____2009
(p62).pdf
23. Evelyn scrutinize the writings of nurse theorists to determine how caring was defined, and
identified five different types of definitions – as a human trait; a moral imperative; an affect; an
interpersonal relationship; and a therapeutic information. Caring described in five ways is an
example of which the following?

A. Operational Definition                C.  Conceptual Definition

B. Data Definition                    D.  Multiple Definition 
ANSWER: C
Rationale: presents the abstract or theoretic meaning of the concepts being studied. (A)operational
definition of a concept specifies the operations that researchers must perform to collect the required
information B and D is not correlated into it
Reference:
Denise_F._Polit_Essentials_of_Nursing_Research_Appraising_Evidence_for_Nursing_Practice_Ess
entials_of_Nursing_Research_Polit____2009(p67).pdf
24. Abel: “I’ve been pretty depressed lately, to tell you the truth. I wake up each morning and I can’t
seem to think of anything to look forward to.” This statement is an example of which of the
following?
A. Data                    C.  Qualitative Data
B. Quantitative Data            D.  Emotional Data
Answer: A
 
Rationale: Abel's statement "I’ve been pretty depressed lately, to tell you the truth. I wake up each
morning and I can’t seem to think of anything to look forward to" is a piece of information obtained 
Reference:
Denise_F._Polit_Essentials_of_Nursing_Research_Appraising_Evidence_for_Nursing_Practice_Ess
entials_of_Nursing_Research_Polit____2009(p67).pdf
25. Evidence-based practice is which of the following?
A. Essential to all aspects of effective psychiatric nursing practice
B. Important only for advanced practice psychiatric nurses
C. Important only for nursing care involving psychopharmacological agents
D. Unimportant in psychiatric nursing because good psychiatric nursing care is an art rather than a science

ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: because it says here that it is effective and a Evidence-based practice is a conscientious,
problem-solving approach to clinical practice that incorporates the best evidence from well-designed studies,
patient values and preferences, and a clinician's expertise in making decisions about a patient's care.
REFERENCE: https://resources.nurse.com/evidence-based-practice-clinical-setting-nnw
26. A client reports that her psychotic symptoms always resolve when she wears a bracelet given to
her by her grandmother. This is which of the following?

C. Not evidence-based practice because it is not based on systematic research

B. Evidence-base practice because it has worked successfully for the client
C. Not evidence-based because the client has not kept a careful log of her symptom severity
D. Evidence-base practice because the client’s grandmother told her the bracelet would protect her
from harm.

ANSWER: A
Rationale: because it is not based on systematic research and also there is no scientific evidence that
her psychotic symptoms always resolve when she wears a bracelet.
27. The results of a systematic review of the research literature supports changing practices to include more intense
lifestyle interventions for clients taking atypical antipsychotics. Making these changes in practice would be an
example of which of the following?
A. Practice that is not evidence-based because one research report is not an adequate evidence base.
B. Evidence-based practice because lifestyle interventions have always been important for psychiatric clients
C. Practice that is not evidence-based because lifestyle interventions are not a part of psychiatric nursing
D. Evidence-based practice because a systematic review is the highest form of research evidence 
ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: Systematic reviews are a cornerstone of EBP, and undoubtedly will increase in importance in all
health disciplines. Sys-tematic reviews amass and integrate comprehensive research information on a topic to draw
conclusions about the state of evidence.
REFERENCE:
Denise_F._Polit_Essentials_of_Nursing_Research_Appraising_Evidence_for_Nursing_Practice_Essentials_of_Nurs
ing_Research_Polit____2009(p11).pdf
28.   A nurse should accept an assessment method as research-based practice if which of the
following?
A. It was recommended by the clinical instructor
B. It is the most time-efficient method of assessment
C. Research evidence shows it accurately and reliably assesses the quality of question
D. It has been used as an assessment method in several studies
Answer: C
RATIONALE: Because research evidence is a systematic observation in order to establish facts and
reach conclusions.
REFERENCE: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/toolkit/discuss-ebm/what-is-the-best-evidence-
and-how-to-find-it/#:~:text=In a broad sense%2C research,establish facts and reach
conclusions.&text=In other words%2C research evidence,to make good health decisions
29. Using evidence-based practice involves balancing which of the following?
A. Support system availability, client preference and clinical expertise
B. Clinical expertise, client preference and research evidence
C. Cultural consideration, cost and human rights
D. Legality, client preference and clinical expertise

ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: because evidence-based practice is the “integration of best research evidence with
clinical expertise and patient values.” It means that when health professionals make a treatment
decision with their patient, they base it on their clinical expertise, the preferences of the patient, and
the best available evidence.
REFERENCE: Caroline De Brún" The Information Standard Guide Finding the Evidence".
Retrieved on October 25, 2021 from (http://uk.linkedin.com/in/carolinedebrun/) on behalf of The
Information Standard.
30. To develop evidence-base practice, the nurse must first do which of the following?
A. Find meaningful research evidence
B. Evaluate the credentials of the researchers
C. Design a system for changing practice
D . Ask your senior colleagues their opinions

ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: because asking for feedback is important, it demonstrates to others that you are
committed to improving your skills and contributing to your team. Taking the initiative to get better
at essential aspects of your work shows that you have the dedication and drive to succeed and A,C
and B are the next to perform.
REFERENCE:
https://hbr.org/2019/09/why-asking-for-advice-is-more-effective-than-asking-for-feedback
ITEMS 31-40
31. A good source of meaningful research evidence is
which of the following?
A. A national research conference
B. A textbook
C. A professional organization
D. Evidence-based websites
ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: Credible Sources: information published within last 10 years; texts
written by respected authors, websites belonging to educational and governmental
institutions; articles from Google Scholar; academic databases. These are not good
resources because a national research conference which is not written or even recorded,
a textbook that should have an author, and a professional organization.
REFERENCE: https://custom-writing.org/blog/signs-of-credible-sources
32. A research study provides the strongest evidence if the subject
are assigned to research according to which of the following?

A. Five at a time C. Randomly

B. Ten at a time D. Alternately
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each
sample has an equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to
be an unbiased representation of the total population. If for some reasons, the sample
does not represent the population, the variation is called a sampling error. Random
sampling is one of the simplest forms of collecting data from the total population.
Under random sampling, each member of the subset carries an equal opportunity of
being chosen as a part of the sampling process.
REFERENCE: The Economic Times (2021) Definition of 'Random Sampling' retrieved
from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/random-sampling
33. The best population from which to select research subjects for a study on the
effects of TV violence on aggression in children would be children randomly
selected from which of the following?
A. Public school rolls
B. Child ADHD clinics
C. Foster care family rolls
D. Domestic abuse shelters
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Population is a complete set of elements (persons or objects) that possess some common
characteristic defined by the sampling criteria established by the researcher where in the researcher is
looking for a population to see the effects of TV violence o aggression in children and public school rolls is
more suitable for it as violence in public school During the 2017–18 school year, 80 percent of public
schools recorded that one or more incidents of violence, theft, or other crimes had taken place, amounting
to 1.4 million incidents. This translates to a rate of 29 incidents per 1,000 students enrolled in 2017–18.
During the same school year, 47 percent of schools reported one or more incidents of violence, theft, or
other crimes to the police, amounting to 422,800 incidents, or 9 incidents per 1,000 students enrolled.
REFERENCE: UMSL (2021)Population and Sampling retrieved from
https://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/cal2.html
- NCES(2021)School Crime retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=49
34.Predominantly two types information are cited in the review of
literature for research, theoretical and empirical. Which of the
following is not an empirical literature?

A. Models and conceptual frameworks

B. Master’s theses
C. Doctoral dissertations
D. Research studies in journals
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Empirical consists of 5 phases with each phase being as important as the next one.
The empirical cycle captures the process of coming up with hypothesis about how certain subjects
work or behave and then testing these hypothesis against empirical data in a systematic and
rigorous approach. It can be said that it characterizes the deductive approach to science 5 phases
are as follows observation, induction, deduction, testing and evaluation and B C D all went through
the same process while A on the other hand did not.
REFERENCE: Question Pro (2021) Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples
retrieved from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/empirical-research/
35.Which of the following is an example of non-directional
hypothesis?
A. Prenatal perceptions of role competence are positively related to postnatal self-esteem
B. The amount of obligatory infant behavior is negatively related to parental perception of
role competence
C. Elderly nursing home residents’ self-appraisals of their self-care abilities are related to the
basic conditioning factors of sex, sociocultural orientation, health and family influences
D. Patients with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)have less postoperative
pain arising from clinical would care procedures that patients with placebo -TENS or no
treatment
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: CHOICE B is a non-directional hypothesis because this is a two-tailed
hypothesis that does not predict the direction of the difference or relationship. Choices A, C,
and D is directional. A directional (or one tailed hypothesis) states which way you think the
results are going to go.
REFERENCE: https://psychologyrocks.org/hypotheses-directional-and-non-directional/
36. The researchers came up with the hypothesis, “There is a greater percentage
of time spent in sleep states versus awake states during the on-waterbed period.”
What is the independent variable?

A. Waterbed flotation
B. Sleep versus awake states
C. Percentage of time spent in sleep
D. Percentage of time spend awake
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Waterbed flotation is independent variable, it is a variable that stands alone and isn't
changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Choices B, C, and D are dependent
variables that is being measured or tested in an experiment
REFERENCE:
https://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/help/user_guide/graph/variables.asp#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20variable
%20that,to%20change%20a%20person's%20age
.
37. The characteristics or attributes of the subject that are collected
to describe the sample is which of the following?

A. Extraneous variable
B. Confounding variable
C. Demographic variable
D. Environmental variable
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Demographic variables are attributes of the research participants that are measured
in a study to describe the sample, therefore the answer is C. While, extraneous variable influence
other variables directly or indirectly. Confounding are variables not recognized until the study is in
process. And, environmental variable which can manipulated or can be found in the environment.
REFERENCE: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study Variables.
The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (7thed). (p.157).
United States of America. Elsevier
38. Which of the following refers to the systematic,
imperical controlled critical investigation of hypothetical
proposition?

a. Research
b. science
c. history
d. phenomenon
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Choices A is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of
hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomenon.
REFERENCE: https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/DSAJ/article/view/2782/2473
39. Which of the following is the ultimate goal of any
research?
A. Improve the quality of life
B. Improve nursing activities
C. Refine a theory
D. Generate new knowledge
ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: The ultimate aims of research are to generate measurable and testable data,
gradually adding to the accumulation of human knowledge. Improving quality of life and nursing
activities only focuses in the healthcare practice. Refening a theory. Theory refinement is the task
of updating a domain theory in the light of new cases, to be done automatically or with some expert
assistance , this is not an ultimate goal of research.
REFERENCE:
https://explorable.com/aims-of-research#:~:text=The%20ultimate%20aims%20of%20research,the
%20accumulation%20of%20human%20knowledge
40. Which of the following refers to the process of gathering
data about what is already known and unknown about the
problem?
A. Theoretical Framework
B. Review of Related Literature
C. Background of the Study
D. Research Design
Answer: B
RATIONALE: The answer is B because broad searches using keywords to understand the extent of
what is known and what is not known; what concepts are related to the topic. While, theoretical
framework is analogous to the frame of the house. Background of the study is simply an overview of
the research question or thesis topic, and research design is the blueprint for the study.
REFERENCE: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Review of Relevant Literature. The practice of nursing
research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (7thed). (p.99). United States of America.
Elsevier
ITEMS
41-50
41. Which of the following refers to the blueprint for the study?
A. Framework C. Design
B. Hypothesis D. Sampling Method
 

• Answer: C
• Rationale: A research design is the blueprint for conducting a study.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012).Understanding Quantitative
Research Design. The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis,
and Generation of Evidence (7thed). (p.195). United States of America.
Elsevier
42. Which of the following refers to the intentional representation of the work or ideas of others
as one’s own, or rewording one’s work to produce a new paper?
A. Fabrication C. Plagiarism
B. Forging D. Obfuscation

• Answer: C
• Rationale: Duplicate publication is a form of plagiarism (self-plagiarism) is the practice of
publishing the same article or major portions of the article in two or more print or electronic media
without notifying the editors or referencing the other publication in the reference list (Baggs,
2008).
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Analyzing Data, Determining Outcomes, and
Disseminating Research. The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of
Evidence (7thed). (p.632). United States of America. Elsevier
43. A group formulated a hypothesis, “Knowledge of body builders regarding
anabolic steroids.” This is what type of hypothesis?
A. Complex C. Null
B. Simple D. Statistical

• Answer: B
• Rationale: The answer is B because, a simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between
two variable.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study
Variables. The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of
Evidence (7thed). (p.147). United States of America. Elsevier
•  
44. A group formulated a hypothesis, “As age increase, activity decrease.”
What is the independent variable?
A. Activity C. Age
B. Increase D. Decrease

• Answer: C
• Rationale: The answer is C because age can cause an effect to the dependent variable
which is the “activity”, letter A.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses, and Study
Variables. The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of
Evidence (7thed). (p.145). United States of America. Elsevier
45. Which of the following refers to the kind of variable that can interfere or
influence the measurement of study variables and the relationship among variables?
A. Independent C. Extraneous
B. Dependent D. Demographic

• Answer: C
• Rationale: Moderating or extraneous variable can influence other variables
directly or indirectly, can affect the selection of study participants, implementation
of the study intervention, measurement of study variables, and implementation of
study procedures.
• Reference/s: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). The Research Process. The practice of
nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (7 thed).
(p.152). United States of America. Elsevier
• *And additional source from Mary Rose Simon’s files.
46. Which of the following refers to the combined use of two or more theories, methods, data sources, investigators or analysis
methods in the study of the same phenomena?
A. Research Design C. Data Triangulation
B. Triangulation D. Sampling methods
 

• Answer: B
• Rationale: Triangulation is the use of multiple sources or referents to draw conclusions
about what constitutes the truth.
• Reference: Polit, D. F. & Beck, C. H. (2017). Designing and conducting qualitative
studies to generate evidence for nursing. Nursing research: generating and assessing
evidence for nursing practice (10thed). (p. 806). Philadelphia. Wolters Kluwer.
47. Which of the following refers to the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the
study and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing body of knowledge?
A. Research problem C. Hypothesis
B. Review of related literature D. Framework

• Answer: D
• Rationale: A framework is an abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the
development of the study and enables you to link the findings to the body of knowledge
in nursing.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Framework. The practice of nursing research:
Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (7thed). (p.116). United States of
America. Elsevier
48. What is the dependent variable in the study entitled: The lived experience of recovering from addiction?
A. Lived experience C. Experience
B. Recovering from addiction D. None of the above
 

• Answer: A
• Rationale: The answer is letter A, because it is being measured, and dependent variables
are said to be measured or tested in an experiment.
• Reference: Cherry, K. (2021). What Is a Dependent Variable? Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-dependent-variable-2795099
49. Which of the following refers to the concepts of various levels of abstraction that are
measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study?
A. Framework C. Theory
B. Hypothesis D. Variables

• Answer: D
• Rationale: Study variables are concepts at various levels of abstraction that are
measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Introduction to Nursing Research. The practice of
nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (7 thed). (p. 42-43).
United States of America. Elsevier
50. When conducting a review of literature, it is important to select a variety of both primary and
secondary literature. Which of the following does not fall under primary literature?
A. History and biographies
B. Firsthand accounts of events
C. Original manuscripts
D. Documents by the person who conducted the study or experience
 
• Answer: A
• Rationale: A primary source is written by the person who originated, or is
responsible for generating, the ideas published. A research publication published
by the person or people who conducted the research is a primary source.
• Reference: Grove, S. K. et al. (2012). Review of Relevant Literature. The
practice of nursing research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence
(7thed). (p.101). United States of America. Elsevier
ITEMS 51-60
Situation: You are not new in your department and you had been there for almost three years. Miss A, your previous nurse manager was considered strict and authoritative in implementing the protocols in your area. She would make your schedule fixed unless you will inform her two weeks before for any change of shift. On the contrary, your new nurse manager, Miss B, schedules a
monthly staff meeting for any significant matters in your department. She is not so lax but makes it up to collect suggestions from all of you before making decisions.

51. If you are to choose which one of your nurse managers described above reflects a democratic type of leadership, who is she?
a. Miss A
b. Miss B
c. Both of them
d. None of the above

Answer: B
Rationale: Democratic type of leadership encourages group discussion and decision making. Allows more self-motivation and more creativity among group members. It also calls for a great deal of cooperation and coordination among group members. Miss B demonstrated these type of leadership since she entertains suggestions from the members before making decisions.
Reference: Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing (10 th ed., pp. 489-490).
52. What leadership style did Miss A utilized to maintain a strong control in the department?
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic
c. Collegial
d. Autocratic

Answer: D
Rationale: Autocratic (authoritarian) leader control and makes decision for the group. The leader believes
individual are incapable of independent decision making. Determines policies, giving orders, and
directions to the group. Miss A utilized this type of leadership since she does the decision alone like
implementing the protocols.
A-Laissez-faire (permissive) leader recognizes the group’s need for autonomy and self-regulation.
Effective for groups whose members have both personal and professional maturity or within their area of
expertise while the leader acts as resource person(Berman et al., 2016, p. 490).
B- (see item 51)
C- Collegial leadership is a type of collaborative leadership which shares leadership, involving others in
all major decisions, spreading ownership of the organization through collaborative processes and forces.
Characterized by an atmosphere where you and your personnel all work together as a team to solve
problems.
Reference: Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing
(10th ed., p. 489).
https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/leadership/leadership-ideas/leadership-styles/main
 53. There are nursing students who are conducting their study on leadership styles in your unit. One of the questions included is: What do you think is the most effective leadership style that can be used during emergency situations?
a. Democratic
b. Laissez-faire
c. Autocratic
d. Supportive

Answer: C
Rationale: Authoritative style is the most effective when urgent decisions is necessary (e.g., cardiac arrest, unit fire or terrorist attack), one person must assume the responsibility for making decisions which directs the role of the member.
Reference: Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing (10th ed., p. 489).
 
54. What are the qualities that define a leader who uses laissez-faire?
a. She involves the group in planning and in decision making
b. She oversees everything to come up with a good quantity and quality of output but provides little autonomy and self-motivation to her members.
c. She tends to be passive and puts the responsibility of decision-making on others.
d. She would foster independence in your team by promoting motivation and creativity.

Answer: C
Rationale: Laissez-faire leadership style provides no control in the team. The leader assumes a “hands off” approach. She tends to be passive and let the group act independently.
Option A-pertains to democratic leadership style.
Option B&D- Is an autocratic type of leadership.
Reference: Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing (10th ed., pp. 489,490).
55. This is a common trait of a leader which is defined as his ability to possess honesty, responsibility, and maturity in the working area.
a.Integrity
b.Personality
c.Intelligence
d.Flexibility

Answer: A
Rationale: Integrity is the ethical competency of honesty. Personality pertains to the unique organization of traits, characteristics, and modes of behaviour of an individual apart from others. Intelligence pertains to the ability to think, to solve problems and to adjust to a new
situations while flexibility is the ability to adapt to changes.
Reference: Davis, F. (1989). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (16th ed., pp. 1372,926, 679).
Butts, J & Rich, K. (2020). Nursing ethics (5th ed., p. 69).
 56. You are the head nurse in the pediatric department. Your roles in the planning process in the hospital include the
following, except one:
a. Act as a link between higher-level managers and non-managers
b. Directly responsible for the actual production of nursing services
c. Represent the organization
d. Answers C & B

Answer: C
Rationale: Representing the organization is the role of top managerial or organizational executives including chief
nurse, administrators.
A& B- are the role of nurses in planning process. Head nurse are responsible for the day-to-day activities of a specific
work group or groups. They communicate staff issues to upper or higher level of administration and reports
administrative messages to staff.
Reference: Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing (10th ed., p.
491).
 
57. What is true about the patient classification system or PCS?
a. It is a method of grouping patients according to length or duration of nursing care
b. It is a measuring tool used to describe the progress of a patient’s status
c. It depends on the complexity of nursing care requirements of the patient
d. All of the above

Answer: C
Rationale: The patient classification system (PCS) groups patients as per the complexity and
amount of their nursing care necessities. The intention of PCS is to evaluate patients, group
them with other patients having similar needs and attribute patients in different group.
Option A & B It is both a method of grouping patients and a measuring tool but defines the
workload of a nurse to a specific patient.
Reference: Clement, I. (2020). Management of nursing services and education, E-Book (3 rd
ed., p.65).
https://books.google.com.ph/books
58. You are asked by your instructor to discuss about Contingency Theory.  What should you include in your
discussion?
a. It is a theory in leadership that views the pattern of leader behavior as dependent on the interaction
of the personality and the needs of the situation.
b. It considers that leaders must provide followers a sense of security and approval and discipline to be
successful in an output.
c. It emphasizes that both leaders and followers should act on one another to raise their motivation.
d. It states that leadership qualities inspire followers to be motivated in what they do.

Answer: A
Rationale: Contingency theory supposes that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on whether or not their
leadership style suits a particular situation. Can effective leader in one circumstance and an ineffective leader
in another one.
B- refers to McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
C-pertains to Transformational theory-collaboration by empowering the group to share in the organization’s
vision (Berman et al., 2016, p.490).
D- Charismatic theory -when speak to a group, they feel inspired and motivated to do whatever they can to
meet the leader’s expectations(Berman et al., 2016, p.490).
References: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/contingency-theory-of-leadership
Berman, A., Snyder, S., & Frandsen, G. (2016). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing (10th
ed., p. 490).
59. In planning, conceptualizing the purpose and the aspirations of the organization is essential. What statement gives a false description of a vision?
a. It reflects what the organization wants to be
b.It is written to magnify the various activities and it is projected with a broad time frame
c. It reflects why the organization exist
d. It uses action words in the present tense

Answer: C
Rationale: Mission is the reason the organization exist.
Option A,B,& D-are the description of vision.
Reference: Taylor, J., & Leger J. M. (2018). Financial management for nurse managers (4th ed., p. 209).
https://books.google.com.ph/books
 
60. Isabelle, your co-worker, is a newly hired nurse. She asked you about a centralized staffing system.
a. The head nurse or the supervisor does the scheduling of personnel.
b. Schedule is based on the needs of the patients and the knowledge of the personnel.
c. You can readily rearrange your schedule as needed.
d. The scheduling is planned and made by the nursing director.

Answer: D
Rationale: A centralized system manages through central office which is done by the nursing director. Offers management a broader overview and closer control of the entire scheduling and staffing system.
Nursing director (top manager) responsible for establishing goals and developing strategic plans including scheduling. Option A, B & C- pertains to decentralized staffing.
References: Huber, D. & Joseph, M. (2021).Leadership and nursing care management - E-Book (7th ed. p. 436).
Jones, R. (2007). Nursing leadership and management: theories, processes and practice (p.288).