PUBLIC TOILET

DESIGN
S TA N D A R D S ,
PLUMBING
M AT E R I A L S ,
PLUMBING TOOLS SUBMITTED BY
ASTAMI DAS (BSc ID 2ND SEM)
AND PLUMBING
FITTINGS AND
JOINTS
 PUBLIC TOILET

A public toilet is a room or small building with toilets (or urinals)

and sinks for use by the general public outside a particular household.
The facilities are available to customers, travellers, employees of a
business, school pupils and prisoners. Increasingly, public toilets are
accessible to people with disabilities. 

Since the sanitation needs of women are significantly

different from those of men there is a need to integrate a
gender dimension while planning and designing public
and community toilet blocks as well as while developing
institutional arrangements for their operation and
maintenance. Recognizing this, gender has been adopted
as a central theme for these guidelines
 PURPOSE OF PUBLIC TOILET
As an "away-from-home" toilet room, a public toilet can provide far
more than access to the toilet for urination and defecation. People
also wash their hands, use the mirrors for grooming, get drinking
water (e.g. refilling water bottles), attend to menstrual hygiene needs,
and use the waste bins. Public toilets may also become places for
harassment of others or illegal activities, particularly if principles
of Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are not
applied in the design of the facility.
Cleaning, maintenance and management
Thorough cleaning and maintenance are important for public toilets.
This task is usually performed by a "public toilet attendant" (who is
there during an entire shift) or by professional cleaning staff. They
maintain and clean the facilities, ensuring that toilet
paper, soap, paper towels, and other necessary items are kept stocked.
Public toilets need both periodic maintenance and emergency
cleaning.Volunteer-managed facilities may also be an option in some
cases.
 PLUMBING

The system of pipes,

tanks, fittings and other
apparatus required for
the water supply, heating
and sanitation in a
building is called
plumbing.
• There are variety of
materials used in
plumbing system.
The major categories of plumbing
systems or subsystems are:
•potable cold and hot tap wate supply.
•plumbing drainage venting.
•sewage systems and septic
systems with or without hot water heat
recycling and graywater recovery and
treatment systems
•Rainwater, surface, and subsurface
water drainage
•fuel gas piping.
•hydronics, i.e. heating and cooling
systems using water to transport
thermal energy, as in district heating
systems, like for example the New
York City steam system.
 • There are variety of
materials used in
plumbing system like
• Sealing Material
(Thread Seal Tape)
PLUMBING • Plumber’s Putty.
MATERIALS • Sealing Adhesives.
• Plumbing Pipes.
 • Thread seal tape (also known as PTFE
tape, Teflon tape, or plumber's tape) is
a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film tape
commonly used in plumbin forr sealing pipe
threads.
• The tape is sold cut to specific widths and
wound on a spool, making it easy to wind
SEALING around pipe threads.
• Thread seal tape lubricate allowing for a
MATERIAL deeper seating of the threads, and it helps
prevent the threads from seizing when being
(THREAD unscrewed
• Thee tape also works as a deformable filler
SEAL TAPE) and thread lubricant, helping to seal the joint
without hardening or making it more difficult
• to tighten,and
Typically instead
the tape making around
is wrapped it easierato
pipe's
tighten.
thread three times before it is screwed into
place.
• It is commonly used commercially in
applications including pressurized water
systems, central heating systems, and air
compression equipment.
 PLUMBER’S
PUTTY
• Plumber's putty is a type of
putty used as a sealant in
plumbing.
• It is a pliable substance
used to make watertight
seals around faucets and
drains.
• The putty is a basic
component of a plumber's
toolkit and is often used
when replacing plumbing
fixtures. 
SEALING ADHESIVES
• Used while joining plustic parts,
fixtures, fittings etc.
• Available at sanitary and
hardware store.
• These are made of chemicals.
• Can be used easily for an
effective sealing.
• It is applied locally with a brush.
 The pipes which are leading
from the distribution main of
N G water supply to
BI
M
the plumbing system of house
U
PL
are known as
plumbing pipes. 
PIPES Various types of plumbing
pipes are used in building
construction works for various
purposes like water
distribution, drainage, waste
disposal made from different
materials.
TYPES OF PIPES

• CAST IRON(CI) PIPE

• DUCTILE IRON PIPE.
• STEEL PIPE.
• GALVANIZED IRON(GI)
PIPE.
• COPPER PIPE.
• ASBESTES
CEMENT(AC) PIPE.
• CONCRETE PIPE.
• PVC PIPE.
 CAST IRON PIPE
Cast iron pipe is pipe made predominantly
from gray cast iron It was historically used as
a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas
and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe
during the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th
centuries.
ADVANTAGES
• Heat resistant.
• Sound resistant.
• Less expensive.
• Highly durable.
DISADVANTAGE
• Highly susceptible to rush over time.
 DUCTILE IRON PIPE

• Ductile iron pipe is pipe

made of ductile cast iron.
• Commonly used for
potable water transmission
and distribution.
• This type of pipe is a direct
development of earlier cast
iron pipe, which it has
superseded. 
 STEEL PIPE
Steel pipes are cylindrical tubes
made from steel that are used many
ways in manufacturing and
infrastructure. They’re the most
utilized product made by the the
steel industry. 

USES
• The primary use of pipe is in
the transport of liquid or gas
underground—including oil,
gas, and water. 
• Steel tubing is used to
construct guard rails to protect
cyclists and pedestrians.
• Guard rails are also made from
steel tubes, creating an
aesthetically pleasing safety
feature to stairs and balconies.
 GALVANIZED IRON PIPE
• Galvanized pipes are steel pipes that have been
dipped in a protective zinc coating to prevent
corrosion and rust.
• galvanized pipe was an alternative to lead pipe for
water supply lines.
• USES
Water & Sewage pipes
Electric poles
Structural purposes
Engineering purposes
Automotive purposes
Oil and gas transmissions
 These are made up of thin
copper sheet and can be
moulded easily.
These are mostly used for hot
ASBESTOS CEMENT (CI)PIPE water installation requiments.
• .Asbestos cement pipe, also commonly
known as transite pipe, is a cement
liquid transportation vessel that is
tubular in shape.
• The asbestos in asbestos cement pipe
is used to enhance its mechanical
properties.
• Commonly used in the 20th century,
asbestos cement pipe has been mostly
discontinued due to health concerns.
• Asbestos cement pipe was commonly
PVC PIPE PROPERTIES

USES
PLUMBING
TOOLS
 PLUMBING TOOLS HAMMER
Plumbing tools fall under two • Different types of
hammers are available
categories- with Different heads,claws
• HAND TOOLS.
and weight.
• POWER TOOLS OR MECHINE TOOLS.
• The most common uses of
HAND TOOLS hammer are to drive
• Mnually nails,fit parts,forge metal
and break apart objects.
operated.
• Less
expensive.
PLUMBING FITTINGS AND JOINTS
TYPES OF FITTINGS
PLUMBING FITTING • elbow
A fitting or adapter is used in pipe • Reducer
systems to connect straight • Gasket
sections of pipe or tube, adapt to
• Union
different sizes or shapes, and for
other purposes such as regulating • Coller
fluid flow.  • Tee
• Nipple
• Trap
 COLLER
While joining two
pipes in the same
length,coller is
used.It is fitted at
the end of the pipe.
ELBOW
• An elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe
(or tubing) to allow a change of direction .usually
a 90° or 45°,22.5° elbows are also available.
• Elbows are also categorized by length.
• The radius of curvature of a long-radius (LR)
elbow is 1.5 times the pipe diameter, but a short-
radius (SR) elbow has a radius equal to the pipe
diameter.
• Short elbows, widely available, are typically used
in pressurized systems, and in physically tight
locations.
• Long elbows are used in low-pressure gravity-fed
systems 
 UNION
• A union also connects two pipes.
• It allows future disconnection of the pipes
for maintenance.
• A union allows easy connection and
disconnection, multiple times if needed.
• It consists of three parts: a nut, a female
end and a male end. When the female and
male ends are joined, the nut seals the joint
by pressing the two ends tightly together.
• Unions are a type of very compact flange
connector.
 GASKET
• Gaskets aremechanical seals, usually ring-shaped, which
seal flange joints.
• Gaskets vary by construction, materials and features.
Commonly used gaskets are non-metallic, spiral-wound
and ring-joint.
• Non-metallic gaskets are used with flat- or raised-face
flanges.
• Spiral-wound gaskets are used with raised-face flanges,
and ring-joint gaskets are used with ring-type joint (RTJ)
flanges. 
 REDUCER TEE
• A reducer reduces the pipe size
from a larger to a smaller bore. • A tee, the most common pipe
• Alternatively, reducer may fitting, is used to combine or
refer to any fitting which divide fluid flow.
causes a change in pipe • It is available with female thread
diameter sockets, solvent-weld sockets or
• Thiss change may be intended opposed solvent-weld sockets
to meet hydraulic flow and a female-threaded side outlet.
requirements of the system or • Tees can connect pipes of
adapt to existing piping of a different diameters or change the
different size. direction of a pipe run, or both.
• The length of the reduction is • They may also be used to
usually equal to the average of transport two-fluid mixtures.
the larger and smaller pipe • Tees may be equal or unequal in
diameters. size of their three connections,
• Reducers are with equal tees the most
usually concentric, eccentric common.
reducer are used as needed to
maintain the top- or bottom-of-
pipe level. 
 NIPPLE
• A nipple is a short stub of pipe, usually male-
threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride (CPVC), or copper (occasionally
unthreaded copper), which connects two
other fittings.
• A nipple with continuous uninterrupted
threading is known as a close nipple.
• Nipples are commonly used with plumbing
and hoses.
PLUMBING
JOINTS
 PLUMBING
JOINTS
Pipe joints in water supply are major components of
plumbing system provided to connect multiple pipes.
There are several types of pipe joints, but their
selection depends on pipe sizes, material and flow
pressure etc.
THREADED JOINT
• Threaded joint means, pipes are connected by screwing with
the help of threads provided for each pipe. One pipe having
internal threads and the other one having threads externally.
• Cast iron pipes, copper pipes, PVC and G.I pipes are
available with threads.
• Thread joints are available from 6 mm diameter to 300mm
diameter pipes.
• They are preferable for low temperature, the joints may
expand and leaked due to thermal expansion. 
• Installation of threaded joint id easy but good maintenance
required.
 Welded Joint (Butt Welded, Socket Welded)
• Groove welded joints,
also called butt welds,
are weldments that are
commonly used when
joining
similar pipes together. 
• They can also be used to
join pipes to valves,
fittings, and flanges for a
secure attachment.
• For piping of certain
thickness, the pipe may
be cut at a sloping right
angle before
being welded.
 Brazed
Joint
Brazed joints are generally used to achieve
higher joint strength or fatigue resistance. To
accomplish this, filler metals stronger than
those composed primarily of tin must be
used.
However, this increased strength
generally comes from filler metals made
of materials that melt at higher
temperatures.
 Soldered Joint
• Soldered joints are material-
closed joints (bonds) of two
solderable metals.
• There are different forms
of soldered joints. Wire-to-wire
joints as parallel, cross or hook
joints as well as soldered
joints with twisted wires.
• Parallel and cross joints are
mechanically connected by the
solder only and, therefore, can be
more easily detached.
• The joint is heated above the
melting-point temperature of the
solder by means of the soldering
iron and bonded with soldering
tin added. 
• Then the soldered joint must cool
down with no displacement of the
wires.
 Grooved Joint
When two pipes are joined
together by making grooves
(narrow cuts or depression) at the
end of pipes with the help of
sockets or couplings, such joints
are called grooved joints.
Advantages
• Due to the ease of assembly of
the grooved joints, the labour
cost is less.
•  The piping system can be
easily uninstalled and
reinstalled frequently for
maintenance.
• These are mostly used for fire
protection.
Flanged Joint
A flange is a method of
connecting pipes, valves,
pumps and other equipment
to form a piping system. It
also provides easy access for
cleaning, inspection, or
modification.
Flanges are usually welded
or screwed. Flanged
joints are made by bolting
together two flanges with a
gasket between them to
provide a seal.
 Compression Joint
A compression fitting is a
fitting used in plumbing
and electrical conduit
systems to join two tubes
or thin-walled pipes
together. In instances
where two pipes made of
dissimilar materials are
to be joined, the fittings
will be made of one or
more compatible
materials appropriate for
the connection.
THANK YOU