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    Fundamentals of Computer Programming: Operators in C++

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    This document provides a summary of operators in C++. It discusses arithmetic, relational, equality, assignment, unary, and logical operators. It provides examples of using increment/decrement, equality/relational, assignment, unary, and logical operators in C++ code. It also discusses the differences between prefix and postfix unary operators and cautions the reader to be careful when using unary operators in larger expressions.

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    Fundamentals of Computer Programming: Operators in C++

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Riasat
    20 views47 pages
    This document provides a summary of operators in C++. It discusses arithmetic, relational, equality, assignment, unary, and logical operators. It provides examples of using increment/decrement, equality/relational, assignment, unary, and logical operators in C++ code. It also discusses the differences between prefix and postfix unary operators and cautions the reader to be careful when using unary operators in larger expressions.

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    Lec 06

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    This document provides a summary of operators in C++. It discusses arithmetic, relational, equality, assignment, unary, and logical operators. It provides examples of using increment/decrement, equality/relational, assignment, unary, and logical operators in C++ code. It also discusses the differences between prefix and postfix unary operators and cautions the reader to be careful when using unary operators in larger expressions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views47 pages

    Fundamentals of Computer Programming: Operators in C++

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Riasat
    This document provides a summary of operators in C++. It discusses arithmetic, relational, equality, assignment, unary, and logical operators. It provides examples of using increment/decrement, equality/relational, assignment, unary, and logical operators in C++ code. It also discusses the differences between prefix and postfix unary operators and cautions the reader to be careful when using unary operators in larger expressions.

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    You are on page 1of 47

    CS-114

    Fundamentals of Computer Programming

    Lecture 6
    Operators in C++

    Course Instructor:
    Aisha Shabbir NUST
    Institute of Geographical Institute Systems
    Information of Civil
    Engineering (NICE)
    Road Map for Today
    • RECAP
    • Operators
    o Stream Operators
    o Decision Making – Equality and Relational
    Operators
    o Assignment/ Combined Operators
    o Unary Operators
    o Logical Operators
    o Conditional operator
    Operators in C++

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    Arithmetic Operators

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    Arithmetic Operators

    Binary
    operators

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    Decision Making –
    Equality & Relational Operators

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    Equality and Relational Operators
    • Used to define the conditions for making
    some sort of decision

     2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Equality and Relational Operators

     2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.


    Assignment/ Combined
    Operators
    (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)

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    Assignment/Combined Operators

    variable = variable operator expression;

    variable operator= expression;

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    Arithmetic Assignment Operators

    ?
    Unary Operators

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    Unary Operators

    C++ provides two types of unary operators


    • unary increment operator (++)
    • for adding 1 to the value of a numeric
    variable
    • unary decrement operator (--)
    • subtracting 1 from the value of a numeric
    variable
    Unary Operators

    When is the unary operation carried out


    depends on where (before or after the
    variable) the operator has been placed.

    • Prefix Unary Operator


    • Postfix Unary Operator
    A PREFIX is added
    before a word to
    make a new word.

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    Prefix Unary Operators

    An increment or decrement operator that’s


    placed before (prefixed to) a variable is
    referred to as the prefix increment or prefix
    decrement operator, respectively.
    ++variable - prefix increment
    --variable - prefix decrement
    A SUFFIX/POSTFIX is
    added to the end
    of a word
    to make a new word.
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    Postfix Unary Operators

    An increment or decrement operator that’s


    placed after (postfixed to) a variable is
    referred to as the postfix increment or
    postfix decrement operator, respectively.
    variable++ - postfix increment
    variable-- - postfix decrement
    Unary Operators

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    Preincrement - Example
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 2
    { 3
    int var = 1; 4
    5
    cout << ++var << endl; 6
    cout << ++var << endl;

    cout << ++var << endl;


    cout << ++var << endl;
    cout << ++var << endl;

    return 0;
    }
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    Postincrement - Example
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 1
    { 2
    int var = 1; 3
    4
    cout << var++ << endl; 5
    cout << var++ << endl;
    cout << var++ << endl;
    cout << var++ << endl;
    cout << var++ << endl;

    return 0;
    }

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    Predecrement- Example
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 3
    { 2
    int var = 4; 1
    0
    cout << --var << endl;
    cout << --var << endl;
    cout << --var << endl;
    cout << --var << endl;

    return 0;
    }

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    Postdecrement- Example
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 4

    ?
    { 3
    int var = 4; 2
    1
    cout << var-- << endl;
    cout << var-- << endl;
    cout << var-- << endl;
    cout << var-- << endl;

    return 0;
    }

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    Exercise
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 23

    ?
    { 22
    int a = 21; 22
    int c ; 24
    c = ++a;
    cout << ++c << "\n";
    cout << a<< "\n";
    cout << a++<< "\n";
    Cout<<++a<< "\n";

    return 0;
    }

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    Exercise
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    Output
    int main() 64

    ?
    {
    int x = 5, y = 5;
    cout << ++x << --y << endl;

    return 0;
    }

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    Common Mistakes – No intervening spaces
    The unary increment and decrement operators
    should be placed next to their operands, with no
    intervening spaces.

    + + variable variable --

    Incorrect Incorrect
    Common Mistakes – Syntax Error
    Attempting to use the increment or decrement
    operator on an expression other than a variable
    name is a syntax error.

    ++(x+2)

    Incorrect
    Caution
    Be VERY CAREFUL using these operators.
    C++ allows these operators to be used in the middle
    of a larger expression.

    Suppose num contains the value 3, the statement


    someNum = num++ * 4;
    yields a different result than the statement
    someNum = ++num * 4;

    What do you think the two results are?


    Logical Operators
    (!, &&, ||)
    Logical Operators
    So far we’ve studied only simple conditions,
    such as:
    counter <= 10
    total > 1000
    number != someValue

    We expressed these conditions in terms of


    the relational operators.
    Logical Operators
    C++ provides logical operators that are used
    to form more complex conditions by
    combining simple conditions.

    The logical operators are:


    • && (logical AND)
    • || (logical OR)
    • ! (logical NOT, also called logical negation)
    && – Logical AND
    Creates a Compound/Composite Condition
    (condition1 && condition2)
    && – Logical AND
    (age >= 21) && (age <= 60)

    Truth table
    && – Logical AND – Example

    …the age is between 1 and 70 (inclusive)…

    In case of a nested IF condition


    IF age >= 1 then
    IF age <= 70 then
    perform operations
    ENDIF
    ENDIF
    && – Logical AND – Example
    || – Logical OR – Example
    Executes if one or both conditions are true
    (condition1 || condition2)

    Truth table
    || – Logical OR – Example
    …if age is 15, 31, or 45 then give 10% discount…

    In case of an IF condition
    IF age == 15 then
    give discount
    ENDIF
    IF age == 31 then
    give discount
    ENDIF
    || – Logical OR – Example
    …if age is 15, 31, or 45 then give 10% discount…

    In case of an IF condition
    IF age == 45 then
    give discount
    ENDIF
    || – Logical OR – Example
    …if age is 15, 31, or 45 then give 10% discount…
    ! – Logical NOT (logical negation)
    Used to reverse a condition’s meaning
    !(condition)

    Truth table
    ! – Logical NOT – Example
    …if age is NOT more than 30 then give 5% discount…

    if (!(age > 30))


    give discount

    …if day is not Saturday or Sunday, trigger alarm…


    string day;
    day="saturday";
    if (!(day == "Saturday" || day == "Sunday"))
    trigger alarm
    conditional Operator
    (?:)
    Conditional Operator (?:)
    C++ also provides an operator to deal with if…
    else scenarios.

    This is called Conditional Operator (?:)


    • It takes three arguments
    – Ternary Operator
    Conditional Operator (?:)
    The syntax of using conditional operator is:

    (condition)?expression1:expression2;

    Condition is Result is Result is


    evaluated expression1 if expression2 if
    condition is condition is
    true false
    Conditional Operator (?:)
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;

    tp u t
    Ou
    int main ()

    value of x: 40
    {

    ?
    // variable declaration
    int x, y = 10;

    x = (y < 10) ? 30 : 40;


    cout << "value of x: " << x << endl;

    return 0;
    }
    y = ax + bx + c 2
    1. [5 marks] Convert the above given algebraic
    expression to C++ expression and also number
    the precedence order in which the operators will
    be evaluated.

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    Systems
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