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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - I

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE ,NATURE OF SCIENCE ,

SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION, SCIENCE IN EVEREYDAY LIFE
SUBJECT – FOUNDATION COURSE - III
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DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Video

• The Ancient Times

• The Classical Era
• The Middle Ages
• The Renaissance
• The Age of Reason and Enlightenment
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I-Development of Science in Ancient Time Video

The ancient period is the longest period of human civilization. It dates back to over
7000 years ago. It ranges from 5000 BC to 8th century BC.

• Oral Transfer of Knowledge : Advice and knowledge passed orally,

writing skills were not developed
• Development of Writing : Idea of alphabet (in which one symbol
stands for only one sound) was first used in Egypt
• Astronomical Information : Many ancient civilization collected
astronomical information in a systematic manner through simple
observation
• Mathematics and Medicines: Development of geometry was a
necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and
ownership of farmland
 II-Development of Science in Classical Era Area for
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(8th Century BC to 6th Century AD)(about 1300 years ago)
Classical era or Classical period is a broad term for a long period of cultural history
centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of
ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.

• Thales(640-546BC) : He is the ‘father of science‘ was the first to

postulate non-supernatural phenomena.
• Pythagoras: He is the student of Thales, founded the Pythagorean
School which investigated mathematics for its own sake and the
first to postulate that the Earth is a spherical in shape.
• Leucippus (5th Century BC) : He introduced atomism, the theory
that all matter is made of indivisible and imperishable units called
atoms.
• Plato : He produced the first systematic discussions of natural
philosophy, which shaped later investigations of nature.
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(8th Century BC to 6th Century AD)(about 1300 years ago)
• Aristotle : He is student of Plato. He produced many biological writings
that were empirical in nature. He made countless observations of
nature, especially the habits and attributes of plant and animals.
• Aristarchus : An astronomer was the first known person to propose a
heliocentric model of the solar system. The heliocentric model is a
theory that places the Sun as the center of the universe, and the
planets orbiting around it.
• Eratosthenes: An geographer accurately calculated the circumferenc
eof the earth. The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 25,000
miles. The Earth rotates in about 24 hours, i.e. about 30km per second.
• Hippocrates : He was the first to describe many diseases and medical
conditions and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, still
relevant and in use today.

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 II-Development of Science in Classical Era Area for
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(8th Century BC to 6th Century AD)(about 1300 years ago)

• Euclid : An mathematician laid down the foundations of

mathematical rigour and introduced the concept of definition,
theorem and proof still in use today.
• Archimedes: An mathematician is credited with using the method
of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of parabola,
infinite series, approximation of pi.
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III-Development of Science in Middle Ages Video

The Middle ages is also referred as medieval era. It also includes the Dark Ages.
Science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, including practical
disciplines, the mathematics and natural philosophy.

• Early Middle Ages (AD 476-1000):

 The study of nature was pursued more for practical reasons than
as an abstract inquiry.
 The need to care for the sick led to the study of medicine and of
ancient texts on drugs.
 The need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led
them to study the motion of stars.
 The need to study mathematics and the motions of Sun and the
Moon.

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III-Development of Science in Middle Ages Video

• High Middle Ages (AD 1000-1300):

 European scholars built upon their existing knowledge (Greek
and Arabic texts).
 Birth of medieval universities (translated text and new
infrastructures for scientific communities).
 Full development of new Christian philosophy and the method
of scholasticism.
 Roger Bacon and Robert Grosseteste conducted investigations
into optics and also constructions of telescope.
 Mathematics as a way to understand nature.

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III-Development of Science in Middle Ages Video

• Late Middle Ages (AD 1300-1450):

 Massive scientific changes.
 Formulation of mean speed theorem
 Distinguish of kinematics from dynamics
 Development of Buridanist physics (modern concept of inertia)
 IV-Development of Science during the Area for
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Renaissance Period (AD 1450 – 1650)
Renaissance is an Italian word meaning ‘rebirth’. It is associated with major social
and cultural developments in 15th century. Renaissance contributed greatly to the
creation of modern europe.

• Nicolas Copernicus(1473-1543): An Astronomer who diverted from

the Ptolemaic view regarding the motions of heavenly bodies.
According to Ptolemaic system, all the heavenly bodies including the
sun revolve around the earth.
• Johan Kepler (1571 - 1630): He gave the world his three laws of
planetary motions. Kepler discovered that the planets move round
the sun in ellipses and not in circles.
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): An physicist, mathematician, astronomer
and philosopher, played a major role in the scientific revolution.
Galileo was the first to use the telescope to make observation of the
moon, sun, planets and stars.
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Renaissance Period (AD 1450 – 1650)
• Francis Bacon(1561-1626): He emphasized the importance of
induction as a part of the scientific method. He stated that all
scientific discoveries should follow the process of observation,
experimentation, analysis and inductive reasoning.
• William Harvey (1578 - 1657): He is the father of modern
physiology, was the first researcher to discover the circulation of
blood through the body. He advocated that the blood travels
through the body and is pumped through its course by the heart.
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Reason and Enlightenment (1650-1800)
According to scholarly opinion, the Age of Enlightenment was preceded by the
Age of Reason (if thought as a short period) or by the Renaissance and the
Reformation (if thought of as a long period).
• David Hume(1711-1776): He considered knowledge should not be
taken for granted and doubt should always remain.
• John Loche(1632-1704): He was the father of Classical Liberalism.
His work had a great impact upon the development of political
philosophy.
• Issac Newton (1642 - 1727): He was physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist. In astronomy, he
developed the theory of gravitation. In mathematics, he contributed
methods of computation, approximation and probability.
• George Berkeley(1685-1753): He was best known for his early
works on vision and metaphysics.
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NATURE OF SCIENCE Video

• The word science comes from a latin word ‘Scientia’

meaning knowledge.
• It is a systematic body of knowledge which is
developed through reasoning, observation, and
experimentation of ideas and facts.
• Dictionary of Contemporary English defines science as,
organized knowledge especially when obtained by
observation and testing of facts about the physical
world, natural laws and society.
PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE

• Objectivity
• Progressive
• Universal basic ideas
• Scientific Knowledge is Empirically Based
• Reliable and tentative knowledge
• Observation and Inference
• Creative Thinking
• Laws and Theories are Different
• Science Explains and Predicts
• Science cannot answer all questions
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I-Principles and Characteristics of Science Video

• Objectivity : It means, something that does not depend upon personal

beliefs, opinion or tastes.
• Progressive : scientific knowledge, new concepts
• Universal basic ideas : Science assumes that the universe is a vast single
system in which basic rules are the same everywhere.
• Scientific Knowledge is Empirically Based : Empirical refers to knowledge
claims based upon observations of the natural world.
• Reliable and tentative knowledge : idea of evidences, supporting of
scientific idea or scientific law.
• Observation and Inference : Observations are made from information
gathered with the five senses, often related to technology. Inferences are
logical interpretations derived from a combination of observation and
prior knowledge.
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I-Principles and Characteristics of Science Video

• Creative Thinking : Creativity is a major source of inspiration and

innovation in science.
• Laws and Theories are Different : Scientific laws and theories are
similar in that both require substancial evidence before they are
generally accepted by scientists.
• Science Explains and Predicts : Theories should have predictive
power.
• Science cannot answer all questions : Science has its own
limitation. It cannot provide answer to all questions.
 SCIENCE AS KNOWLEDGE

• Science as Empirical knowledge

• Science as Theoretical knowledge
• Science as Practical Knowledge
• Science as Validated knowledge
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II-Science As Knowledge Video

• Science as Empirical knowledge

 Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence,
especially sensory perception, in the form of ideas over the notion
of innate ideas or traditions
 Scientific method- All hypothesis and theories must be tested
against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely
on a priori reasoning , intuition or revelation
• Science as Theoretical knowledge
 A theory is built upon one or more hypotheses, and evidence .
 A scientific theory can be wrong, as shown by experiment or
observation, or new data might come along that disagree with it.
 So in Science, a wrong theory gets modified, discarded or replaced.

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II-Science As Knowledge Video

• Science as Practical Knowledge

 The practical knowledge of science refers to the application of
scientific knowledge to increase human welfare.
 For example, an engineers job , in general , is not to discover new
knowledge but to take the knowledge which has been discovered in
past ages and use it to design better structure, better bridges,
automobiles, computers etc.
• Science as Validated knowledge
 The theories should have predictive power.
 Example – Research on Human remains.
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SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION Video

• Science is the study of the physical world and its

manifestations, especially by using systematic observation
and experiment.
• Science has evidence to support its claims.
• Superstition is an irrational belief. Its main foundation is of
unseen forces taking activity in our lives, be it for a positive /
Negative cause.
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I-The Role of Science in Exploding Myth Video

• A myth is a story based on tradition or legend, which has a deep

symbolic meaning.
• A myth ‘conveys a truth’ to those who tell it and hear it, rather than
necessarily recording a true event.
• Myth are often used to explain universal and local beginnings and
involve supernatural beings.
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Myth Video

• Myth 1 : The Earth is the centre of the solar system

• Myth 2 : The sun is not a star because it doesn’t shine at night
• Myth 3 : The Sun is a burning ball of fire
• Myth 4 : The Sun revolves around the earth
• Myth 5 : According to religious beliefs, God created man
• Myth 6 : Heavier bodies fall at a faster speed than the lighter ones
• Myth 7 : Earth is Flat
• Myth 8: If Humans Came from Apes, why Aren’t Apes evolving into
Humans?
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II-Blind Beliefs and Prejudices Video

• Blind belief is the mental act, condition, or habit of placing blind

faith, trust or confidence in someone or something
• Prejudice refers to an adverse judgment or opinion
• Its adverse effects are:
 Increase in caste and communal violence
 Lack of tolerance in the society
 Favouritism based on caste, religion, etc.
 Lawlessness and disorder in the sociey
 Looting by anti-social elements
 Molestation of women
 Waste of time, money and effort on unwanted rituals
III - Role of Science and Scientific Temper in Promoting Area for
Tolerance and Harmony Video

• Tolerance
 Accept and Respect the views, beliefs, practices of others
 to live and to let others live in peace
• Importance of Tolerance
 Peace and Harmomy
 Facilitates Cooperation
 Develops Relations
• Harmony : Means living in agreement with each other.
 Law and order Administration
 Education
 Role of Media
 Role of Religious Leaders
 Role of Youth
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Science and Scientific Temper Video

• Significance of observation and experimentation

• Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for
investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or
correcting and integrating previous knowledge
• Method – gathering observation empirical & measurable
evidence
• Collection of data- observation & experimentation &
formulation and testing of hypotheses
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Role of Technology in Development Video

• Production
 Computer aided manufacturing
Computer integrated manufacturing
Computer aided design
• Communication
• Processing of Data
• E-commerce
• Technology in services : banking, airlines, insurance sector,
telecommunication
• Technology in Agriculture
• Technology in Construction
• Technology in Medicines
• Technology in Education
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II-Distinction between Science and Technology Video

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Science is a system of acquiring Technology refers to the tools, machinery,
knowledge based on scientific method modifications, arrangements etc..
Main purpose is to explain natural world Main purpose is to intervene in world to
through investigations produce something new
Goal is knowledge abd understanding for Goal is creation and systems to meet
its own sake people’s need
It focuses on understanding natural It focuses on understanding man-made
phenomena environment
It involves discovery It involves design, invention and
production
Mission relates to search about the cause Mission relates to the search about new
processes
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