Lecture 08:
ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
1
Lecture 08 Objectives
In this lecture, we will learn about:
• Built-in C++ operators for specific
mathematical or logical manipulations.
• The evaluation of operators in arithmetic
expressions according to operator precedence
• Writing expressions using the mathematical
operators.
Lecture 08 Contents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
8.3 Summary
Lecture 08 8.1 Introduction
• An expression is a programming statement that has a value.
• Expressions include arithmetic expressions that express the
results in numeric values i.e. integer and floating-point
numbers.
• Expressions comprise operators and operands.
• Operator describes the operation to be performed
• The operation is performed on the operands
Lecture 08 8.1 Introduction
• Most C++ programs perform calculations using the arithmetic
operators
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education.
Lecture 8 Contents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
• Operators precedence
• Sample algebraic and C++
expression
8.3 Summary
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
• An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform
specific mathematical or logical manipulations on data.
• Built-in C++ operators are of following types:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Increment / Decrement operators
• Bitwise operators
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Arithmetic operators
Assume, int a = 4, b = 5, d;
Arithmetic Value of d after
Operation C++ Expression
Operator assignment
Addition + d = a + b 9
Substraction - d = b - 2 3
Multiplication * d = a * b 20
Division / d = a/2 2
Modulus % d = b%3 2
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Assignment operators
Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;
Assignment Sample Equivalent Value of variable
Operator Expression Expression after assignment
+= x += 5 x = x + 5 x = 9
-= y -= x y = y - x y = 1
*= x = x * z
x *= z x = 32
/= z /=2 z = z / 2 z = 4
%= y %=x y = y % x y = 1
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Relational operators
Assume, int y = 6, x = 5;
Relational Operators Sample Expression Value
> y > x T
< y < 2 F
>= x >= 3 T
<= y <= x F
== x == 5 T
!= y ! = 6 F
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Logical operators
Logical Operators Name Sample Operation
&& AND expression1 && expression 2
|| OR expression1 || expression2
! NOT ! (expression)
Expression !Expression Sample Expression
Assume,
int x = 50; F T !(x == 60)
T F !(x != 60)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Example: Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;
Expression1 &&
Expression1 Expression2 Sample Expression
Expression2
F F F (y > 10) && (z <= x)
F T F (z <= y) && (x == 4)
T F F (y != z) && (z < x)
T T T (z >= y) && (x != 3)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Example: Assume, int x = 4, y = 5, z = 8;
Expression1 ||
Expression1 Expression2 Sample Expression
Expression2
F F F (y > 10) || (z <= x)
F T T (z <= y) || (x == 4)
T F T (y != z) || (z < x)
T T T (z >= y) || (x != 3)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Increment / Decrement operators
Sample Equivalent
Operator Explanation
Name Expression Expression
Increment a by 1, then use
a = a +1
++a the new value of a in the
++ preincrement expression in which a is
a += 1 being used
Use the current value of a
a = a +1
postincrement a++ in the expression in which
++ a is being used, then
a += 1 increment a by 1
Decrement a by 1, then
a = a -1
predecrement --a use the new value of a in
-- the expression in which a
a -= 1 is being used
Use the current value of a
postdecrement
a = a -1
a-- in the expression in which
-- a is being used, then
a -= 1 decrement a by 1
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Bitwise Operators
• Bitwise AND -> &
• Operand1 & Operand2
• Bitwise OR -> |
• Operand1 | Operand2
• Bitwise NOT -> ~
• ~Operand
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Bitwise Operators
• Examples:
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Operators precedence
• Parentheses are used in C++ expressions in the same
manner as in algebraic expressions.
• For example, to multiply a with the quantity b + c, we
write a * ( b + c ).
• C++ rules of operator precedence are generally the same
as those in algebra.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
• The rules of operator precedence specify the order C++ uses
to evaluate expressions from left to right.
• Summarized rules of operator precedence for the operators:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Operators Associative
( ) Left to right
++ -- + - ! Right to left
* / % Left to right
+ - Left to right
< <= > >= Left to right
= = != Left to right
&& Left to right
| | Left to right
= *= += - = Right to left
/= %=
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
• Example : Evaluation of the operator precedence rules
y = a * x * x + b * x + c;
• The circled numbers under the statement indicate the order
in which C performs the operations
• Suppose variables a, b, c and x in the preceding second-
degree polynomial are initialized as follows:
a = 2 b = 3 c = 7 x = 5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Example 1: Example 2:
int a=10,b=20,c=15,d=8,e; int a=15, b=6, c=5, d=4;
e=a*b/(-c*31%13)*d d *= ++b – a/3 + c
1. e=a*b/(-15*31%13)*d 1. d *= ++b – a/3+ c
2. e=a*b/(-465%13)*d 2. d*=7- a/3+c
3. e=a*b/(-10)*d 3. d*=7- 5+c
4. e=200/(-10)*d 4. d*=2 + c
5. e= -20*d 5. d*= 7
6. e= -160 6. d = d*7
7. d = 28
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Activity 8.1: Solve the following expressions.
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Activity 8.2: Solve the following expressions.
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Assume, int a = 9, b = 2, c = 6, d = 10;
solve the statement,
a * b / c + 4 > d != 3 * c % a;
based on the operator precedence. Show your steps.
Solution:
step operator
0 9 * 2/6+4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
1 * 18 /6+4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
2 / 3 +4>10 != 3 * 6 % 9
3 * 3 +4>10 != 18 % 9
4 % 3 +4>10 != 0
5 + 7 >10 != 0
6 > 0 != 0
7 != 0
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Sample algebraic and C++ Expressions
• Example: The following expression calculates the arithmetic
mean (average) of five terms.
• The parentheses are required to group the additions
because division has higher precedence than addition.
• The entire quantity ( a + b + c + d + e ) should be
divided by 5.
• If the parentheses are erroneously omitted, we obtain
a + b + c + d + e / 5, which evaluates incorrectly
as:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
• Example: The following expression is the equation of a
straight line:
• No parentheses are required because the multiplication
evaluated first as its precedence higher than addition.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education. (pp.52)
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Activity 8.3: Write the following algebraic expressions as a C+
+ statement.
a) .
b) .
c) .
Lecture 8 8.2 Operators in C++
Solution 8.3:
a) (b*b)-(4*a*c)
b) (a+b)/(c+d)
c) 1/(1+(x*x))
Lecture 8 Contents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Operators in C++
8.3 Summary
Lecture 8 8.3 Summary
• Computation of the data needs specific mathematical or
logical manipulations.
• The arithmetic expressions are operated according to
the rules of operator precedence.
• Parenthesis are often required to convert algebraic
expressions into C++ expressions
