8.

Engine Lubrication System

8-1. Engine Lubrication System & Type

8-2. Hydrodynamic Theory of Lubrication
8-3. Properties of Lubricants
8-4. Types of Lubricants and Additives
8-5. Grading of Lubricating Oils

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8-1. Engine Lubrication System & Type

■ Purpose of Engine Lubrication

 Reducing Friction
 Preventing Wear of Moving Engine Parts
 Sealing Combustion Gas
 Maintaining Engine Cleanliness
 Cooling Engine Parts
 Permitting Easy Start
 Extending Engine Life

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8-1. Engine Lubrication System & Type

■ Engine Lubrication System

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8-1. Engine Lubrication System & Type
 Pressure Feed Lubrication
Mechanical pump supply oil under pressure(200~400kPa) to parts such as bearings, cams,
piston rings etc.

Oil Pump

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8-1. Engine Lubrication System & its
Types
 Splash Lubrication
Consists of a scoop fitted at the lower end of
connecting rod . As the engine runs, scoop
splashes oil from trough by centrifugal force to
all engine part.

scoop

Oil Tank

Splash Lubrication

 Dry Sump Lubricating System

• Additional pump(s) and remote oil tank
• Marine Diesel Engine, Racing car, motor bilk
Oil Pump
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8-2. Hydrodynamic Theory of
Lubrication
■ Friction and Lubrication

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8-2. Hydrodynamic Theory of
Lubrication

Journal Bearing Thrust Bearing

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8-3. Properties of Lubricants

• Viscosity
Viscosity, by definition, is an oil’s resistance to flow and shear.  The most
common unit of measure for viscosity is the Kinematic viscosity and this is
usually quoted in data sheets at 40°C and 100°C.  The commonly used unit
of measure is centistokes but the correct SI unit of measure is mm2/s
• Viscosity Index
Viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary measure for the change of viscosity with
variations in temperature. The lower the VI, the greater the change of
viscosity of the oil with temperature and vice versa. It is used to
characterise viscosity changes with relation to temperature in lubricating
oil
■Oxidation Stability
The ability of a lubricant to withstand the presence of oxygen. The rate of oxidation is accelerated by high temperatures, water,
acids and catalysts such as copper. Oxidation will lead to an increase in the oil's viscosity and deposits of varnish and sludge. The
rate of oxidation doubles with every 10º C rise in temperature
■Pour Point
The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which it will pour when cooled under defined conditions.

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8-4. Types of Lubricant & Additives

• Base oil & Additives for Engine Oil

– Engine Oil Composition
#zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP),

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8-4. Types of Lubricant & Additives
• Base oil & Additives for Engine Oil
– Base Oil

* PAO : Poly Alpha Olefin

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Classification by Viscosity
– SAE(Society of Automotive Engineers)

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants
• Classification by Performance
– API(American Petroleum Institute
Gasoline Engine Oil

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Classification by Performance
– API(American Petroleum Institute
#High temperature high share (HTHS)

Diesel Engine Oil

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants
• Classification by Performance
– ACEA(Association des Constructeurs Europeens d'Automobiles)
Category A/B : Gasoline & Diesel Engine Oil
Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in gasoline engines and car & light van
A1/B1 diesel engines specifically designed to be capable of using low friction low viscosity oils with a high tempera-
ture / high shear rate viscosity of 2.6 mPa*s for xW/20 and 2.9 to 3.5 mPa.s for all other viscosity grades

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in gasoline engines and car & light van
A3/B3 diesel engines specifically designed to be capable of using low friction low viscosity oils with a high tempera-
ture / high shear rate viscosity of 2.6 mPa*s for xW/20 and 2.9 to 3.5 mPa.s for all other viscosity grades

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use in high performance gasoline and direct injection diesel engines, but
A3/B4 also suitable for applications described under A3/B3
Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in high performance gasoline engines and
A5/B5 car & light van diesel engines designed to be capable of using low friction low viscosity oils with a High tem -
perature / High shear rate (HTHS) viscosity of 2.9 to 3.5 mPa.s

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

Category C :Catalyst Compatibility Oil*

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high per -
formance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines requiring low friction, low viscosity, low SAPS oils
with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9 mPa.s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life and maintain the
C1 vehicles fuel economy. Warning: these oils have the lowest SAPS limits and are unsuitable for use in some en-
gine

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high per -
formance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines designed to be capable of using low friction, low vis -
cosity oils with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9mPa.s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life and
C2 maintain the vehicles fuel economy. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. Consult owner
manual or handbook if in doubt

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high per -
formance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines, with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 3.5mPa.s.
C3 These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in some engines.
Consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt

Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high per -
formance car and light van diesel and gasoline engines requiring low SAPS oil with a minimum HTHS viscosity
C4 of 3.5mPa.s. These oils will increase the DPF and TWC life. Warning: these oils are unsuitable for use in
some engines. Consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt
* Aftertreatment Apparatus Equipped Vehicle

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

A(for Gasoline)-B(for Diesel w/o DPF

#Sulphated ash phosphorus and sulphur (SAPS)

Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants
ACEA Category C : Catalyst Compatibility Oil* (w/DPF)

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants
Category E : Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Oil
Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recom -
mended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under
very severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer's recommendations. It is suitable
E4 for engines without particulate filters, and for some EGR engines and some engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However,
recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt

Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recom -
mended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V and Euro VI emission requirements and run-
ning under very severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer's recommendations. It
is suitable for EGR engines, with or without particulate filters, and for engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E6 quality is
E6 strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is designed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel.
However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in
doubt

Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing effective control with respect to piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent
wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III,
Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to the
E7 manufacturer's recommendations. It is suitable for engines without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and most engines fit -
ted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/
or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt

Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing effective control with respect to piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent
wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III,
Euro IV, Euro V and Euro VI emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to
the manufacturer's recommendations. It is suitable for engines with or without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and for
E9 most engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E9 is strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is de -
signed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so
Drivers Manuals and/or Dealers should be consulted if in doubt

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Classification by Performance
– ILSAC(International Lubricants Standardization and Approval Committee
– ILSAC formed in 1992 by AAMA(American Automobile Manufacturer
GF-1
Association) and
ILSAC GF-1 standard JAMA(Japan
indicates Automobile
the oil meets both API Manufacturer
SH and the Energy Conserving Association)
II (EC-II) requirements. It was created in
1990 and upgraded in 1992 and became the minimum requirement for oil used in American and Japanese automobiles

ILSAC GF-2 replaced GF-1 in 1996. The oil must meet both API SJ and EC-II requirements. The GF-2 standards requires 0W-
GF-2 30, 0W-40, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 10W-30, 10W-40 and 10W-50 motor oils to meet stringent requirements for phos -
phorus content, low temperature operation, high temperature deposits and foam control

ILSAC GF-3 an oil must meet both API SL and the EC-II requirements. The GF-3 standard has more stringent parameters re -
garding long-term effects of the oil on the vehicle emission system, improved fuel economy and improved volatility, deposit
GF-3 control and viscosity performance. The standard also requires less additive degradation and reduced oil consumption
rates over the service life of the oil

ILSAC GF-4 is similar to the API SM service category, but it requires an additional sequence VIB Fuel Economy Test (ASTM
GF-4 D6837)

Introduced in October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles, designed to provide improved high temperature deposit protec -
GF-5 tion for pistons and turbochargers, more stringent sludge control, improved fuel economy, enhanced emission control sys-
tem compatibility, seal compatibility, and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85

ILSAC GF-6 specification is currently in development and will probably be divided into two sub-specifications. ILSAC GF-6A
will be fully backward compatible with ILSAC GF-5 but would offer better fuel economy, better engine protection and im-
proved performance while maintaining durability. ILSAC GF-6B would deliver similar performance as ILSAC GF-5A but will al -
GF-6 low lower viscosity oils like xW-16, taking advantage of the fuel economy benefits offered by the new SAE 16 viscosity
grade

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Classification by Performance
– OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)
VW500.00, VW501.01, VW502.01, VW503.00, VW503.01, VW504.00, VW505.00,
Volkswagen VW505.01, VW506.00, VW506.01, VW507, VW508/509
WSS-M2C913-A, WSS-M2C913-B, WSS-M2C913-C, WSS-M2C913-D, WSS-
Ford M2C917-A, WSS-M2C934-A, WSS-M2C937-A, WSS-M2C948-B, WSS-M2C950-A
Longlife-98 (BMW LL-98), Longlife-01 (BMW LL-01), Longlife-01 FE
BMW (BMW LL-01 FE), Longlife-04 (BMW LL-04), Longlife-12 (BMW LL-12),
Longlife-14+ (BMW LL-14+)

GM Dexos 1, Dexos 2, GM-LL-A-025, GM-LL-B-025

9.55535-G1, 9.55535-G2, 9.55535-H2, 9.55535-H3, 9.55535-D2, 9.55535-

Fiat M2, 9.55535-N2, 9.55535-S1, 9.55535-S2, 9.55535-GS1, 9.55535-DS1
MB 226.5, MB 226.51, MB 229.1, MB 229.3, MB 229.31, MB 229.5, MB
Mercedes Benz 229.51, MB 229.52

PSA Peugeot PSA B71 2290, PSA B71 2294, PSA B71 2295, PSA B71 2296, PSA B71 2312
Citroën

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Package Marking Grade of Engine Oil

API

ACEA

SAE

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8-5. Grading of Lubricants

• Classification by Performance
– OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

ILSAC

OEM
GM Desos2

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Thank You!