CDI7 – VICE AND

DRUG
EDUCATION AND
CONTROL
LIPA CITY COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE TITLE: CDI7 – VICE AND DRUG

TERM: SEMI-FINALS
EDUCATION AND CONTROL
SY AND SEM: SY 2020-2021, 2nd SEMESTER

ALCOHOL

 Definition of Alcohol
 Two kinds of Alcohol
 The Common Alcoholic Drinks
 Types of Alcoholic Drinks
 Types of Drinkers
 Usual motives for drinking
 Alcohol Abuse (Predictors of Alcohol Abuse; Who has drinking problem
and Who are at risk for alcohol problems)
 General Effect on the Body
 Effects of Excessive Alcohol Intake
 Alcohol Abuse Control

Lecture notes and explanation

ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It
has a pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus
and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body
if taken in large amounts or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a
depressant not a stimulant.
An alcoholic drink often contains anywhere from 3% to 40% alcohol. Such
drinks are legally sold and consumed in many countries around the world.
The term “alcoholism” refers to problems related to alcohol consumption.
generally, it is used to refer to the uncontrolled and compulsive consumption
of alcoholic drinks in a way that is detrimental to the well-being of
the
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drinker as it affects one’s health, social standing, work, and personal
relationships.
Medically speaking, alcoholism is considered a disease and an addictive
illness. The misuse of alcohol can potentially damage major organs in the body,
including the brain. Moreover, the cumulative toxic effects of chronic alcohol
abuse can cause medical and psychiatric problems, and in most cases, can lead
to various criminal activities. Thus, the production and selling of alcohol is a
widely regulated industry (Alcoholism, n.d.).

There are two kinds of alcohol - methyl and ethyl alcohol.

Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is use in some
industries. Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by
breweries. The fermentation occurs when germs called yeast act on sugars in
food to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits
contain different amounts of alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other
drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different countries.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

1. Beers - They contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, e.i. beer, ale, stout.
2. Wines - They contain about 10 percent alcohol, e.i. champagne, hock.
3.Fortified Wines - Liquors that contains 10 to 20 percent alcohol, e.i. port-
sherry, others.
4.Spirits - liquors that contain 40 to 60 percent alcohol, e.i. Whiskey, brandy,
rum, gins.

Types of Alcoholic Drinks

1. Wine
Wine is a kind of ferments beverage commonly produced from grapes. The
process of making wine involves longer fermentation and aging process
compared with beer, as it can take months and years. Thus, the alcohol
content of wine is usually 9% to 16% ABV. Its less intoxicating form, sparkling
wine, is produced via secondary fermentation. Thus, its alcohol content is even
lower.
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2. Beer
CONTROL
This is a kind of fermented beverage made from mashed barley or a
combination of several types of grains. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic
beverage in the world because it is relatively cheaper compared with its other
counterparts.
3. Distilled Spirits
A distilled spirit or liquor is another kind of alcoholic beverage produced by
extracting or distilling ethanol, which is produced by fermenting fruit, grain, or
vegetables. Distilled, alcoholic beverages that are unsweetened and have an
alcohol content of 20% ABV are called spirits. For its stronger forms, such as
whiskey and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%.
In North America, the term “hard liquor” is used to distinguish distilled
beverages (vodka, tequila, gin, whiskey, soju, brandy) from undistilled beverages
(implicitly weaker).

Types of Drinkers
4.Occasional Drinker - drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home
remedy, takes only a few drinks per year.
5.Frequent Drinker - drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may
be once a week or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses
beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.
6.Regular Drinker - may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually
comes from cultural background where wine or beer is used with meals to
enhance the flavor of the food.
7.Alcohol Dependent - drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs
occasionally but drinker may not become alcoholic.
8.Alcoholic - has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary
goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family
and society in general.

Usual Motives for Drinking

9. Traditional - social and religious functions.
10.Status - symbol of success and prestige.
11.Dietary - dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today's way of
"gracious living".
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4.A Social - release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy
another's company.
5.Shortcut to Adulthood - user unsure of maturity, so he drinks to prove
himself.
6.Ritual - fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes
for good health.
7.Path of least Resistance - doesn't want to drink but doesn't want to abstain
so goes along with everyone else.

Alcohol Abuse
Anything that is done in excess can lead to many problems. In the case of
alcohol abuse, such problems may arise at work, at home and at school. Apart
from damaging your health and personal relationships, the excessive use of
alcohol can lead to many forms of criminal activities. According to experts, the
tendency to abuse alcohol may stem from a combination of one’s genes,
environment, and psychological traits. Let us take a look at the common
predictors and profiles of alcoholism (Alcoholism, n.d.).

Predictors of alcohol abuse

One is likely to abuse alcohol or become dependent on it if he or she meets any or
all of these predictors:
• Feelings of low self-esteem
• Being an adult/young adult under pressure
• Experiencing symptoms of depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and
anxiety disorders
• Easy and unregulated access to alcohol
• Relationship, life, financial problems
• A stressful lifestyle

Who has a drinking problem?

First of all, the symptoms of alcohol dependence include the following:
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• Experiencing alcohol withdrawal symptoms when one hasn’t had a drink for
some time;
• Development of various illnesses from alcohol use; and
•Requiring an increasing amount of alcohol to maintain the feeling of being
drunk;

Additionally, one may have a drinking problem if he/she:

• Continues to drink, even when one’s health, work, or family are being harmed
• Easily becomes excited or tense when drinking
• Tries to hide his alcohol use
• Drinks alone
• Becomes hostile when asked about one’s drinking habits
• Misses work or school, or doesn’t perform well because of drinking
• Makes excuses to drink
• Stops joining activities because of alcohol
• Doesn’t eat a lot or eats poorly
• Doesn’t care about hygiene and how he/she dresses
• needs to consume alcohol on most days to get through the day
• Experiences chills and shakes in the morning or after periods when one has
not had anything to drink

Who are at risk for alcohol problems?

Drinking a lot of alcohol can put one at risk for so many alcohol- related problems.
According to experts, those who are at significant risk are the following:
•Male drinkers who consume 15 or more drinks a week (wherein one drink is
equal to a 5 oz. glass of wine, a 1.5 oz. shot of liquor, or 12 oz. bottle of beer);
• Female drinkers who consume 12 or more drinks a week;
• Male and female drinkers who consume alcoholic drinks at a time at least
once
a week; and
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•Non-drinkers who have a parent/s suffering from alcoholism. (Alcohol use
Disorder, n.d.)

General Effect on the Body

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system. Likewise,
the following are the general effects of alcohol as to proper order.
1.Euphoria - feeling of well being, increased confidence, temporary relief from
fatigue, pain or depression.
2.Muscular in coordination - depression of motor functions and causes
greater dulling of the brain that controls inhibitions. The person may become
hilarious, morose, irritable or excitable without proper cause. He may suffer
from slurred speech and staggering gait.
3.Respiratory Paralysis - If more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the
respiratory centers sets in. The person may suffer from complete in
coordination of muscles, breathing, sleep, coma, and death.

However, these effects vary from person to person and depending on the
factors of absorption, tolerance, concentration of alcohol, and the
number of hours of drinking. Other general effects include:
4.Fatal Dose - the fatal dose of liquor of an ordinary person is about 200 to 500
ml of absolute alcohol (for adults) and about 50 ml onward for children.
5.Fatal Period - the fatal effects of alcohol may appear with in 10 to 24 hours.
But in some cases, death may take place even after a number of days.
6.Alcoholic Allergy - some persons are allergic to alcoholic drinks. The drinks
may cause them to be mad and they behave like maniacs under the influence
of liquor.

Effects of Excessive Alcohol Intake

1. Brain damage and dementia
Alcohol-related brain damage has been attributed to the direct and toxic effects
of alcohol. Moreover, nutritional deficiency, liver damage, alcohol withdrawal,
and electrolyte disturbances contribute to brain damage related to the excessive
consumption of alcohol.
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Meanwhile, chronic and excessive alcohol intake has also been linked to severe
cognitive decline along with a range of complications to the body’s
neuropsychiatric system. Elderly drinkers are known to be the most
sensitive population group as regards the toxic effects on the brain of alcohol
consumption (long-term Effects of Alcohol Consumption, n.d.).

2. Mental Health effects

Heavy drinkers and abusers of alcohol suffer from high rates of major
depressive disorders. Drinking may lead to a major depressive disorder that, in
turn, paves the way for self-medicating alcohol abuse, thus trapping the
drinker in a vicious cycle.
As for the general alcoholic population, the increased risk for suicide is up to 20
times greater compared with the general public. In fact, about 15% of
alcoholics commit suicide. In addition, those who abuse alcohol combined with
drugs are at a greater risk for suicide: approximately 33% percent of suicide
cases for those under 35 years are directly linked to alcohol and/or other
substance abuse.

3. Sleep deprivation
Ironically, chronic and long-term abuse of alcohol to induce sleep can actually
lead to insomnia. Frequent movements between sleep stages occur due to
sudden awakenings caused by headaches and diaphoresis. Unfortunately,
suddenly stopping chronic abuse of alcohol can lead to profound disturbances
of sleep with vivid dreams. In fact, chronic abuse of alcohol has been linked to
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) stages 3 and 4 sleep, the suppression of
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, and even REM sleep fragmentation.

4. Liver Disease
Alcoholic liver disease is another mounting public health problem. The chronic
abuse of alcohol can lead to cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and a fatty liver. In
fact, in the Western world, alcohol is a leading cause of liver cancer, accounting
for as much as 45% of all hepatic cancers reported. Today, treatment options
for liver diseases are limited, and the most recommended treatment is to
discontinue alcohol consumption. In other severe cases, the only treatment
option available is via a liver transplant from donors classified as alcohol-
abstinent (Long-term Effects of Alcohol Consumption, n.d.).
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5. Pancreatitis
CONTROL
The majority of reported cases of chronic and acute pancreatitis have been
attributed to alcohol abuse. Chronic pancreatitis can lead to intestinal
malabsorption, that can result in diabetes. Meanwhile, alcoholic pancreatitis
results in severe abdominal pain and can even lead to pancreatic cancer.

6. Hormonal imbalance
Excessive alcohol intake can lead to hyperestrogenism. Scientists believe that
alcohol beverages contain estrogen- like compounds. In males, high estrogen
levels can lead to the development of gynecomastia (or the development of
male breasts), along with testicular failure. Meanwhile, in women,
increased estrogen levels due to excessive alcohol intake has been linked to
breast cancer.

7. Sexual dysfunction
Excessive and long-term intake of alcohol can damage the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous system, thus resulting in the loss of sexual
desire and even impotence in men. This can be attributed to the reduced
amount of testosterone from ethanol-induced testicular atrophy, which in turn,
results in an increased feminization among males. This is a clinical feature of
alcohol- abusing males diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver.

8. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Compared with others wherein mostly negative effects are reported, the
frequent and regular consumption of alcohol has been linked to a decreased
risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Two recent studies have reported that the reduced
risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis can be linked to increasing alcohol
consumption. In fact, among those who consumed alcohol regularly, the one-
quarter who drank the most 50% less likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis
compared with the other half who consumed the least amount (long-term
Effects of Alcohol Consumption, n.d.).

Alcohol Abuse Control

With the aforementioned devastating effects of alcohol, therefore, it must be
controlled. Solely treating people with medications cannot control problem
drinking and alcoholism. Treatment should be coupled with proper education
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both in the schools and in the adult community to develop the nation habits of
moderation in the use of alcoholic beverages. It requires investigation and
testing of social policies on the control of the distribution of alcohol as well as
the effective implementation of these prevention policies.

1. Legal Control
Intoxication
Under the law is an Alternative Circumstance. Alternative Circumstances are
those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating
circumstances according to the nature and effects of the crime and the other
conditions attending its commission. The intoxication of the offender is taken
into consideration as a mitigating circumstance when the offender has
committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual or
subsequent to the plan to commit said felony. On the other hand, when
intoxication is habitual or intentional or subsequent to commit the felony, it
shall be considered as an aggravating circumstance. (Art 15. Revised Penal
Code)
Liquor as a Volatile Substance
Under P.D. 1619, sale and offer to sell to minors of liquors or beverages with
alcoholic content of 30% or above is punishable by 6 months and one day to 4
years imprisonment and a fine of P600.00 pesos to P4000.00 pesos.

2. Social Control
Social control of alcoholism comes in varied means like education and
awareness, community activities, and individual or group therapies.
Today, one of the numerous programs for alcoholics is the religious means of
Alcoholics Anonymous.
Alcoholics Anonymous
It is a practical approach to the problem of alcoholism which has met a
considerable success. It is an organization that operates in a nonprofessional
counseling program in which both person-to- person and group relationships
are emphasized. It accepts both teenagers and adults with drinking problem,
has no fees or dues, does not keep records or case histories, does not
participate in political causes, and is not affiliated with any religious sect,
although spiritual development is the key aspect of its treatment approach. To
ensure the anonymity of the alcoholic, only first names are used. Meetings are
devoted partly to social activities, but consist mainly on discussion of the
participant's
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problems with alcohol, often with testimonials from those who have recovered
from alcoholism and how did they face it.

3. Medical Control
Alcoholism can be treated through biological measures ranging from
detoxification procedures to brain surgery. However, it is more practical for
alcoholics to undergo medical measures of detoxification.
Detoxification
It is the elimination of alcoholic substances from the individual's body;
treatment of the withdrawal symptoms; and on medical regimen for physical
rehabilitation. These can be handled in a hospital or clinic, where drugs such
as Chlordiazepoxide, have largely revolutionized the treatment withdrawal
symptoms. Likewise, the drug Disulfiram (Antabuse) can create uncomfortable
effects when followed by alcohol and may be administered to prevent an
immediate return to drinking (Coleman, 1980).

4. Alcohol Investigation
Illicit Liquors
Thorough search of the premises especially cattle sheds, unfrequented places,
ravines and jungles is necessary to locate unauthorized stills and storages.
Collection of evidences includes the collection of the paraphernalia, fingerprints
and tool marks.
Evidence of Intoxication
Intoxication may have to be established in cases of deaths, in offenses against
person, in motor vehicle accidents and in cases where diminish responsibility is
claimed as a defense. Evidences of intoxication require the collection of
samples of bloods, urine, saliva or breath each whenever possible, and other
body fluids for laboratory examinations.
Examination for Intoxication
Intoxication is identified through various means like physical test, alcohol
analysis, and medical examination. In medical examination, the investigator
should consider smell of breath, state of clothing, general demeanor, speech,
eyes, walk, memory, breathing, and tremors of the extremities.