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    Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

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    Basudha Pal
    This document discusses Phase Locked Loops (PLL). It explains that a PLL is an electronic circuit that locks the phase of its output signal to the phase of an input reference signal. The document describes the basic components of a PLL including the phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator. It also discusses applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation and frequency synthesis. The document focuses on monolithic PLL integrated circuits like the popular NE565 chip, outlining its operating parameters and applications.

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    Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

    Uploaded by

    Basudha Pal
    124 views15 pages
    This document discusses Phase Locked Loops (PLL). It explains that a PLL is an electronic circuit that locks the phase of its output signal to the phase of an input reference signal. The document describes the basic components of a PLL including the phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator. It also discusses applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation and frequency synthesis. The document focuses on monolithic PLL integrated circuits like the popular NE565 chip, outlining its operating parameters and applications.

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    This document discusses Phase Locked Loops (PLL). It explains that a PLL is an electronic circuit that locks the phase of its output signal to the phase of an input reference signal. The document describes the basic components of a PLL including the phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator. It also discusses applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation and frequency synthesis. The document focuses on monolithic PLL integrated circuits like the popular NE565 chip, outlining its operating parameters and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    124 views15 pages

    Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

    Uploaded by

    Basudha Pal
    This document discusses Phase Locked Loops (PLL). It explains that a PLL is an electronic circuit that locks the phase of its output signal to the phase of an input reference signal. The document describes the basic components of a PLL including the phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator. It also discusses applications of PLLs such as frequency modulation and frequency synthesis. The document focuses on monolithic PLL integrated circuits like the popular NE565 chip, outlining its operating parameters and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

    By: Dr. Ramya S,


    Assistant Prof. Selection Grade,
    ECE Dept., MIT, MAHE, Manipal
    ramya.lokesh@manipal.edu

    1
    Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
    Operating principle PLL IC 565,

    Functional diagram of Voltage Controlled Oscillator – IC 566

    Applications of PLL
    • Frequency multiplier / Frequency divider

    Problems

    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 2


    Introduction to PLL
    • PLL is an Electronic Module (Circuit) that locks the phase of the
    output to the input.
    • The concept first emerged in the early 1930’s.

    • The PLL is available as a single IC in the SE/NE560 series

    (560, 561, 562, 564, 565 and 567).

    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 3


    PLL Applications
    • Frequency Modulation (FM) stereo decoders,
    • FM Demodulation networks for FM operation.

    • Frequency synthesis that provides multiple of a reference


    signal frequency.
    • Used in motor speed controls, tracking filters.
    • Used in frequency shift keying (FSK) decodes for
    demodulation carrier frequencies.
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 4
    PLL Block Diagram

    • PLL is a feedback system that detects the phase error and then adjusts the phase of the
    output.
    • Phase detector: compares the input frequency fi with the feedback frequency fo and
    provides an output error voltage VER which is a DC voltage.
    • LPF : removes the high frequency noise and produces a steady DC level, Vf (=Fi-Fo)
    also represents the dynamic characteristics of the PLL.
    • Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) adjusts the phase difference until the output
    frequency equals the input frequency
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 5
    Phase Detector
    • comparator circuit compares the input frequency and the VCO
    output frequency and produces a dc voltage that is
    proportional to the phase difference between the two
    frequencies.
    • The phase detector used in PLL may be of analog or digital
    type.
    Even though most of the monolithic PLL integrated circuits use
    analog phase detectors, the majority of discrete phase detectors are
    of the digital type. One of the most commonly used analog phase
    detector is the double balanced mixer circuit.
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 6
    Low Pass Filter (LPF)
    • LPF is used in PLL to get rid of the high frequency components
    in the output of the phase detector. It also removes the high
    frequency noise.
    • helps to control the dynamic characteristics of the whole
    circuit.
    • An amplifier is used also with LPF to obtain gain.

    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 7


    Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
    • VCO is a circuit module that oscillates at a controlled
    frequency  .
    • The oscillating Frequency is controlled using Voltage VControl.
    That is why the module is called Voltage Control Oscillator
    • The frequency of oscillation is determined by the resistor R
    and capacitor C along with the voltage Vc applied to the
    control terminal.
    Kvco = VCO gain in Hz/V • The main function of the VCO is to generate an output
    frequency that is directly proportional to the input voltage.
    • Both the input frequency and output frequency are
    compared and adjusted through feedback loops
    • Vcontrol must be in the steady state for the VCO to operate
    properly
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 8
    Working of PLL
    • works in these stages
     free-running,
     Capture stage
     phase lock stage
    • Free running stage: Refers to the stage when there is no input voltage
    applied
    • Capture stage: As soon as the input frequency is applied the VCO starts
    to change and begin producing an output frequency for comparison this
    stage is called the capture stage
    • Phase locked state :The frequency comparison stops as soon as the
    output frequency is adjusted to become equal to the input frequency.
    This stage is called the phase locked state.
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 9
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 10
    • The capture range is the range in which the PLL attains the Phase Lock.
    • The lock range is the tracking range where the range of frequencies of the
    PLL system follows the changes in the input frequency.
    • Capture range is always less than lock range

    PLL spectrum 

    • The dynamic characteristics include


     capture and lock ranges,
     bandwidth,
     transient response.
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 11
    12
    Monolithic Phase Locked Loop
    • PLL is now readily available as IC’s which were developed in the SE/NE
    560 series. Some of the commonly used ones are the SE/NE
    560,561,562,564,565 and 567.
    • The difference between each one of them is in the different parameters
    like operating frequency range, power supply requirements, and
    frequency and bandwidth ranges.
    • Out of all the series the SE/NE 565 is the most famous. It is available as a
    14-pin DIP and also as a 10-pin metal can package.
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 13
    The 14-pin DIP Monolithic PLL IC 565

    • Operating frequency range: 0.001 Hz to 500 kHz.


    • Operating voltage range: ± 6 to ± 12 V
    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 14
    • https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117106088/

    Dr Ramya S ,E & C Dept, MIT, Manipal 15

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