FINAL-YEAR PROJECT PRESEANTATION

ON
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF SEAWATER
DESALINATION PLANT

GROUP MEMBERS PROJECT MENTORS

Bhavya Gupta (1604584008) Dr. RAJESH KATIYAR

Yasharth Srivastava (1604551045) (HOD Chemical Engineering Dept)
Dr. DEEPAK YADAV
Arpit Dwivedi (1604587010 )
(Assistant Professor, ChEd)
Suraj Gautam (1604551038) Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur
Anupam Yadav (1604551008)
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Planning and Design of Sea-Water Desalination plant using Reverse-Osmosis Membrane
Technology for production of potable water from sea water.
Basis: Plant capacity of 40,000 m3/day or 40 MLD(Million Litres per Day) fresh water
production.
INTRODUCTION
• What is Desalination?
• Why Desalination?
• Types of Desalination Techniques?
 What is Desalination?
• Even though the major portion of earth is covered by water, there is
severe shortage of drinking water in most of the countries across the
world.

•  Desalination is a technique where the excess salts are removed from

sea water or brackish water converting it into safe potable or usable
water
 Why Desalination?
• Desalination provides a means for tapping the world’s largest water
resource—the ocean.

• Approximately 97.5 percent of the water on our planet is located in

the oceans and therefore is classified as seawater. Of the 2.5 percent
of the planet’s freshwater, approximately 70 percent is in the form of
polar ice and snow and 30 percent is groundwater, river and lake
water, and air moisture.

• Low-cost surface and/or groundwater sources are practically depleted

in many highly urbanized regions of the world.
 TYPES OF DESALINATION
TECHNIQUES
• THERMAL DESALINATION

• REVERSE OSMOSIS

• ELECTRODYALYSIS

• ION EXCHANGE
 Water Intake System
• TYPES OF INTAKES:
(Depending on the manner in which the water is collected from the sea)
1-OPEN/SURFACE INTAKE
Directly from the sea via a submerged inlet structure.

2-SUB-SURFACE INTAKE
Indirectly from sea via saline aquifers.
SURFACE INTAKE SUB-SURFACE INTAKE
 TYPES OF OPEN INTAKES
(Depending on the location of Inlet structure)

1- ON-SHORE OPEN INTAKE

Inlet structure is on the banks of the waterbody
Worst Water Quality
Lowest cost intake system

2- OFF-SHORE OPEN INTAKE

Inlet structure is in the sea, far away from the shores(800m to 2km)
Good Water Quality
Higher initial and maintenance cost.
 Off-Shore Intake Design Considerations
Inlet Location: Selected by analyzing various on-site surveys such that the given location
yields the best water quality.(200-2000m from shore)

 Inlet Depth: Selected by analyzing the depth profile of turbidity, salinity, algae content.
Thumb rule- Depth between 12m to 20m is preferred.
Depth should be at least 4m at the low tide condition.
Inlet should be >4m above the ocean floor to avoid sediments carryover

Inlet Screens: Coarse bar screens with distance of 50-300mm between bars.
Max through screen design velocity depends on Jellyfish content and varies between
0.10 to 0.15 m/sec
Velocity is calculated only for 50% of total area to compensate for the loss of area due to
debris accumulation over time.
 Inlet Configuration: 2 or more inlets sufficiently apart can be connected to a
single conduit.
Conduit diameter is 1.2 to 1.4 times the intake flow.

Intake Water Conduit Configuration: Construction can be done in three ways.

-Directly installed at the bottom of the waterbody.
-Installed in trenches.
-Directionally drilled under the ocean floor.

Intake Pipeline Materials:

HDPE(High Density Polyethylene)
GRP(Glass Reinforced Plastic)
 INTAKE STRUCTURE DESIGN
• Basis-Plant Water Intake necessary to meet capacity requirements= 111298 m3 / day and a
volume of additional water uses (backwash water BW = 5 percent and other waters OW = 1
percent) of a total 6 percent of the intake water flow.

1- Calculate the plant intake flow.

Qin = (Q× [1 + (BW + OW)/100]
= 111298 × [1 + (0.05 + 0.01)] = 117975 m3/day = 1.36 m3/s

2- Select the depth from the ocean surface to the top of the velocity cap. Hs-vc
=12.2m

3. Determine the depth from the ocean surface to the ocean bottom.
Hs-b = 20.1 m
4- Select the distance between the ocean bottom and the bottom of the bar screen. Hb-vc = 4.1 m

5- Calculate the length of the inlet bars.

Lb = Hs-b − Hs-vc − Hb-vc = 20.1 − 12.2 − 4.1 = 3.8 m

6- Calculate the total design active surface area of the bar screen.
Asbs = (Qmax/Vts) × (100/A%)
where Vts = design through-screen velocity (selected to be 0.15 m/s) and
A% = available screening area expressed as a percentage of total through area of the screen
openings (assumed to be 50 percent for design purposes).
Asbs = (1.36/0.15) × (100/50) = 19 m2

7- radius of inlet cap = Asbs/2πLb

= 19/(2 × 3.1416 × 3.8) = 0.79 m
The diameter of the velocity cap structure is rounded up to 1.6 m
 Costing

For 117975 m3/day (designed intake flow rate)

Approx. construction costs will come around to be:
 
16 x 1000 x 200 million dollars
= 3.2 Million Dollars
REFERENCES: “Reduction of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Treatment Costs by Improvement of Raw
  Water Quality: Innovative Intake Designs,” Desalination and Water Reuse,
=24.36 Crore Indian Rupee 20 (3): 12–22, 2010.
 NaOCl Dosing at Stilling Chamber
• Stilling chamber retention time= 30 sec
• Incoming sea water flow rate= 1.35 m3/sec
• Stilling chamber Capacity= 1.35 x 30=40.5 m3

• Chemical needed: NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) 

Dosing= 25 mg/l (Practically Determined)
Q=conc(mg/l) x flow(m3/day)/1000
Q=25x111303/1000=2782.5 Kg/day
Since it’s available at 13% purity, actual NaOCl needed
2782.5/0.13=21404 kg/day
 FLASH MIXER
The Desalination water treatment process truly begins with a very brief turn in a
flash mixing chamber.

Chemicals that encourage coagulation are added to the water stream. The mixture
is agitated quickly and thoroughly in a process called flash mixing
 Flash Mixer Designing
• Retention Time: 30-60 seconds.
• Ratio of tank height to diameter- 1.5:1
• Impeller rotational speed: Above 100rpm
• Velocity Gradient(G): Greater than 300 per second
Inlet Flowrate- 111303 m3/day = 4700 m3/hours

Volume of Flash Mixer= (4700 x 30)/3600=39 m 3

• Power required for agitation=µG2× Volume of tank
Calculated power=10-3x1x(600)2x39=14kW

Diameter of Impeller= 40% of tank diameter

Calculated tank diameter=3.2m
Projected Impeller Diameter=1.28m
 FeCl3 Dosing calculation
FeCl3 dosing required = 15 mg/l (Practically Determined)
 
Q=conc(mg/l) x flow(m3/day)/1000
 
=15x11131.5/1000=1669.7kg/day
 
Since available is at 40% purity=1669/0.4=4174 kg/day
 
Density of FeCl3 =1.42 g/cm 3 Storage tank Volume required to store the chemical for 30 day
usage = 4174x30/1420=88 m3
 ClariFlocculator
• Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculation and clarification in a single tank. It has
two concentric tanks where inner tank serves as a flocculation basin and the outer tank
serves as a clarifier.

• The bottom surface is sloped and felicitated with a rotating scraper. The scraper
collects the settled sludge and the same is drained through gravity.

• Remaining liquid flows upward in the clarifier zone. Then the clarified liquid is
discharged over a peripheral weir.

• The dewatered sludge from Centrifuge outlet will be suitable disposed off
ClariFlocculator
 Design basis:
 
• Depth of tank = 3-4.5 m
• Detention time = 1.5-2.5 h
For a depth of 3m and detention time for 1.5 hrs
• Surface overflow rate 2 m/h
• It contains two or more paddler for mixing.
Area is large to ensure low velocity and high retention time
• For design of center pipe= inlet velocity=1.2m/s
• total inlet flow= 111315 m3/day =4638 m3/hr
• Total outlet flow rate=102410 m3/day
• Sludge flow(3% of inlet)= 3339 m3/day
• Backwash Water flowrate(5% of inlet)= 5565 m3/day
•  TSS Guarantees=<20ppm
References- Waste water engineering by Metcalf and Eddy
 Costing

Clarifier Cost Calculation = For

clarifier intake of 111315 m3/day
Approx. construction costs will
come around to be
=2.5 million dollars REFERENCES: “Reduction of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Treatment Costs by Improvement of Raw
=16 Crore Indian Rupee Water Quality: Innovative Intake Designs,” Desalination and Water Reuse,
20 (3): 12–22, 2010
 Dual Media Filters
• Dual Media Filter is used for removal of suspended solids as small as 10-20 microns,
turbidity and some part of color and odor from Water & Wastewater

• Sand is used to remove the suspended particles and anthracite is used to remove the odor
and color

• The coarse anthracite layer does pre-filtration and removes most of the turbidity from the
water before the water comes in contact with the fine sand.

• Over the course of time, upon continuous operation, the beds get clogged with impurities
thereby increasing the pressure drop. Therefore, a cycle of Air Scoring, Backwashing and
rinse are performed to clean the bed and achieve original state.
DUAL MEDIA FILTERS
 Design of Filters
• Design flow rate per filter= 50 m3/h
• Maximum surface area per unit filter= 100 m2
Number of Filter units=4700/50= 94 units
• Head loss and effluent turbidity increases with time during filtration.
Head loss in clean filter can be determined using kozeny carman
equation:
• Head loss for anthracite layer:
H= 0.0508 m

• Head loss for sand layer:

H= 0.6918

• Total head loss for water

Ht = 0.0508+0.69=0.75

Total pressure required= 7500 x94= 7 atm

 Costing

Dual Media Filter Cost Calculation For filter

intake flow of 102410 m3/day
Approx. construction costs will come around
to be
=3.5 million dollars
=25 Crore Indian Rupee

REFERENCES: “Reduction of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Treatment Costs by Improvement of Raw

Water Quality: Innovative Intake Designs,” Desalination and Water Reuse,
20 (3): 12–22, 2010
 Ultrafiltration
• Particulate, colloidal, and some organic foulants contained in water can be
removed successfully using microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF)
pretreatment.
• Saline water pretreatment includes several key components:
• Coarse and fine screens similar to those used for plants with conventional
pretreatment
• Microscreens to remove fine particulates and sharp objects from the water that
could damage the membranes
• A UF or MF membrane system.
• Depending on the force (pressure or vacuum) driving the filtration process,
membrane pretreatment systems are classified as pressurized (pressure
driven) or submerged (vacuum driven).
• There are major four pretreatment processes:
• Processing
• Backwash
• Cleaning
• Integrity Testing.
Schematic layout of pressurised UF system:
 Processing
• Membrane filtration of the saline source water takes place during the processing phase.
• Depending on the specific membrane product and configuration, the filtration process can occur in
either direct-flow or cross-flow mode.
• In direct-flow mode, all of the source water passes through the membranes.
• In cross-flow operations, only a portion of the source flow (typically 90 to 95 percent) passes through
the membranes, while the remaining flow (reject) travels along the feed side of the membranes; its
movement along the membrane surface generates shearing velocity that evacuates the solids removed
from the saline water out of the membrane.
• The two most important membrane performance parameters associated with the filtration cycle of
membrane pretreatment systems are
• Membrane flux: volume of pretreated water produced by a unit of membrane area.
• Transmembrane pressure (TMP): difference between the feed pressure and the filtrate pressure of the
pretreatment system
 Backwash
• During processing mode, solids filtered out
of the source water accumulate on the
feed side of the membrane surface. These
solids are periodically removed from the
filtration system by backwashing of the
membranes with filtered water or
concentrate.
• Backwash is usually triggered by timer and
occurs every 30 to 120 min for
approximately 30 to 60 s.
• Backwash can also be initiated when the
TMP reaches a certain maximum
threshold, beyond which the membrane
system cannot perform at the target flux
and filtered water quality. If the threshold
TMP is exceeded, typically the membrane
system production capacity (flux) is
decreased, the filtered water quality
deteriorates, and the membranes could be
exposed to irreversible fouling.
 Cleaning and Integrity Testing
• Membrane cleaning is typically needed every 1 to 3 months and is
performed using a combination of low-pH solution of citric or sulfuric
acid followed by a high-pH solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium
hypochlorite.
• The cleaning chemicals are recirculated through the membranes for a
period of 8 to 24 h and then the membranes are flushed and returned to
normal operation.
• Depending of the nature of the fouling, sometimes other cleaning chemicals
(biocides) are used to address specific fouling compounds (e.g., oil and
grease, excessive biogrowth, etc.).
• All membrane pretreatment systems are equipped with integrity testing
features that allow the detection of occasional breaks or punctures in the
membrane fibers or leafs; cracks in membrane modules, piping, and
connectors; and other problems that could occur during membrane
production, installation, or operation. The most widely used membrane
system integrity test is a pressure hold and visual test performed while the
system is off-line.
 Key Filtration System Components
• Filter Vessels and Modules
• Membrane Filtration Media
– membrane materials:
polyethersulphone(PES),polyvinyli
dene diflouride(PVDF) and
polysulhone.
– membrane geometries:hollow-
fiber, tubular and spiral wound
geometry.
• Service facilities and equipments:
– Backwash system
– Cleaning chemical storage
system
 Overview of Membrane Product Used for Saline
Water Pre-treatment
Norit (Pentair X-Flow)

• The Seaguard system consists of horizontal glass-

reinforced plastic vessels (housings) to which source water
is delivered by common distribution piping. Each housing
contains four UF membrane elements (modules), model
SXL 225, connected in series.

• The Seaguard membrane pretreatment systems employ

PES UF membranes with an inside-out flow pattern and
pore sizes of 0.02 to 0.025 um.

• The horizontal (Seaguard) design allows for a more efficient

use of the height of existing buildings, since a number of
vessels can be added vertically in the same basic footprint.
This system also has fewer valves and overall shorter
interconnecting piping.
 Design mass balance and filter requirement

UF membrane pretreatment system for a 40,000 m3/day (10.6 mgd) seawater desalination
plant designed for 43 percent SWRO system recovery and 5 percent reject flow (i.e., 95
percent UF system recovery). The source water turbidity varies between 0.3 and 10 NTU (a
total suspended solids concentration of 5 to 15 mg/L), with occasional spikes of up to 15 NTU
(total suspended solids = 20 mg/L).
The maximum algal count in the source water is 20,000 cells per milliliter, and the
hydrocarbon levels are below 0.04 mg/L. The pretreatment system is designed to operate
without addition of coagulant or flocculant and without pH adjustment of the source water flow.
The pretreatment system will need to be designed to treat a total of 97,920 m3/day
[(40,000/0.43)/(1 – 0.05) = 97,920].
 Target Quality of Pretreated Saline Water
Turbidity (average/maximum) 0.05 NTU/0.3 NTU
SDI15 < 3 (95 percent of the time); < 5 at all times
Pressure-Driven UF Membrane Pretreatment System
Membrane module (8-in. element) Norit (Pentair X-Flow) Seaguard SXL 225

Temperature correction factor for minimum monthly average temperature of 15°C:

1.15

Design flux at minimum monthly average temperature of 15°C: 65/1.15 = 56.5

Lmh (33 gfd)

Total membrane area required (97,920 × 1000)/(56.5 × 24) = 72,212 m2

Number of membrane modules at 40 m2per module72,212/40 = 1805 modules

Number of membrane vessels at four modules per vessel1805/4 = 451 vessels

As indicated previously, the vessels are configured in trains. The proposed design
would have 10 trains at 48 vessels per train for a total of 480 vessels. This
configuration incorporates 6 percent standby capacity (480/451 = 1.06).
Cost Considerations:
For a 40000m3/day
plant which has an
average intake flow of
97,920 m3 /day the
construction cost of the
intake pretreatment
system is estimated in
a range of $6.5 million
to $11.3 million
(average of $8.9
million) based on the
cost curves depicted in
the figure i.e close to a
65 crores.

REFERENCES: “Reduction of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Treatment Costs by Improvement of Raw

Water Quality: Innovative Intake Designs,” Desalination and Water Reuse,
20 (3): 12–22, 2010
 Reverse osmosis unit
• RO is membrane filtration process used for removing dissolved impurity.

 RO unit consists of :-
• Filtered water transfer pump
• High pressure pump
• RO system
Filtered water transfer pump
• These are used convey filtered water to the RO system.
• These are typically vertical turbine or horizontal centrifugal pumps.

High pressure pump

• High-pressure feed pumps are designed to deliver source water to the RO membranes at pressure
required for membrane separation of the fresh water from the salts, which typically is 55 to 70 bars
for sea water.
• Typically, an RO system loses 8 to 15 percent of its initial productivity over a period of three to five
years. In order to compensate for this loss of productivity, usually the RO high-pressure pumps are
oversized to deliver 10 to 15 percent higher pressure and flow than their initial design levels for
new RO membranes.
RO system
It consists of :-
• Spiral-Wound Polyamide Membrane
• Pressure Vessels
• RO System Piping

Spiral-Wound Polyamide Membrane

Spiral-wound RO membrane elements could be classified in three main categories by the type of
water they are configured and designed to desalinate:
(1) Nanofiltration (water softening) (NF) elements:
These elements are designed to process waters of very low salinities (typically with TDS
concentration < 1000 mg/L) and to mainly remove divalent ions, which cause water hardness
(i.e., calcium and magnesium).
(2) Brackish water desalination (BWRO) elements:
BWRO elements are designed to treat source waters of salinity above 500 mg/L and
as high as 10,000 to 15,000 mg/L.
(3) Seawater (SWRO) membrane elements:
It can treat source water of salinity up to 32000 mg/L under the pressure about 55.2 bars.
 Pressure vessel
• Each pressure vessel is enclosed on
its sides with closely fitting
enclosures referenced as “end
caps.” The end caps are designed to
withstand the membrane operating
pressures and to restrict the
movement of the membrane
elements within the vessels.
• RO membrane elements are
installed inside pressure vessels
(housings) in a series of six to eight
membranes per vessel.
• SWRO pressure vessels operates at
pressures of 42 to 105 bars.
RO system piping

• High-quality stainless steel is typically used for high-pressure feed and concentrate piping of RO
systems.
• A commonly used measure for the quality of stainless steel in terms of corrosion is the parameter
referenced as pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN).
PREN = % Cr + 3.3 × % Mo + 16 × % N
• For brackish water of low salinity PREN should be in range 25 to 30.
• For brackish water of high salinity PREN should be in range 30 to 40.
• For SWRO system PREN should be more then 40.
• Besides stainless steel, copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) alloys have also found applications for brackish and
seawater intake screens and other facilities. FRP and HDPE piping is used for low-pressure
applications as well.
Mass Balance on Reverse Osmosis System
Concentrate:
Flow (43% recovery) = 0.57Qo
Feed: Pressure = PR
Flow = Qo
Pressure = Pfeed

Permeate:
Flow = 0.43 Qo
Pressure = PP

For an input flow rate of 92,340m3/day and with 43% recovery

Output = 0.43*92,340 = 39706 m3/day

Pressure calculation(1)

Σmi = Avg molar conc.

Osmotic pressure, Po = ΣmiR*(T+273)

For 35000mg/L TDS,
Σmi = 1.1135mol/L
Po = 1.135*0.082*(273+25) = 26.8 bar

For every 1000mg/L osmatic pressure =

26.8/35=0.77 bar

Thumb rule: 1000mg/L, TDS = 0.77 bar

Osmatic Pressure
Recovery =RO permeate produced/RO
feed taken=0.43
Pressure calculation(2)
TDSpermeate = 200mg/L (Drinking Water Standards)

TDSreject = {TDSfeed - TDSpermeate (Pr/100)}/(1 - Pr/100)

TDSreject = {35000 - 200(43/100)}/(1-43/100)=61252mg/L

Net driving pressure= actual pressure that derives the transport of fresh water from feed side to permeate side.
It’s the difference between applied feed pressure and all other forces that counteract the movement of permeate.

NDP = Fp - (Op+Pp+0.5Pd)
Fp = feed pressure applied using high pressure feed pumps
Op = avg. osmatic pressure
Pp = product water back pressure
Pd = pressure drop between feed and reject

TDSavg = (TDSfeed+TDSreject)/2 = (35000+61252)/2=48126

Dp = 0.77*48126/1000=37bar
NDP = Fp-(Op+Pp+0.5Pd); Fp = about 2 times of initial Op (26.8)

NDP = 56-(37+1.4+0.5x3.2) = 16bar

Energy recovery system
• A large portion (40 to 50 percent) of the energy applied for desalination of seawater is contained in the
concentrate produced by the RO system.
• The maximum amount of energy that can be recovered from the concentrate:

ERmax = [(Fp–Pd) × (1–R)]/Fp

Where,
ERmax is maximum energy that can be recovered
Fp is the applied RO feed pressure (bars);
Pd is the pressure drop across the membranes (bars),
R is the RO system recovery (%).

Energy recovery system:

 Centrifugal Energy-Recovery Systems:
In centrifugal energy-recovery devices, the pressure contained in the concentrate is applied to an impeller
that converts this energy into rotational energy. This rotational energy is then used to reduce the energy
needed to run the high-pressure pump.
 Isobaric Energy Recovery Systems
Energy recovery systems working on the pressure-exchange principle (also referred to as isobaric
chambers) deliver the energy of the concentrate via piston and directly pump new source water into the
RO system.
Construction Costs of Key Membrane RO System Components

• This Data is of year 2012 and the price

are in USD.
• Approximately 10 to 20 percent has to be
added to those costs shown in Table for
shipping, handling, installation oversight,
and insurance.
 Project Capital Cost Breakdown
Cost Item Capital Cost (IN crores) Capital %
Direct Capital (Construction) Costs    

Site preparation, roads, and parking 5.10 1.0

 
Intake 24.36 4.7
Pretreatment 40.95 7.9
UF/RO system equipment 179.20 34.6
Post-treatment 11.22 2.0
Concentrate disposal 12.81 2.5
Waste and solids handling 7.70 1.5
Electrical and instrumentation systems 11.55 2.2

Auxiliary and service equipment and utilities 10.92 2.2

Buildings 22.68 4.4

Start-up, commissioning, and acceptance 11.22 2.0

Subtotal, direct (construction) costs 336 Crores 65.00

  (% of total capital costs)

Total engineering services 51.45 9.9

Project development 28.63 5.3
Project financing 50.40 9.8
Contingency 51.80 10.0
Subtotal indirect capital costs (% of total 182 35.0
capital costs)

Total capital costs (FCI) 518 100

 Project Annual O&M Breakdown
  Annual O&M Costs
COST ITEM INR(CR)/YR INR/M3 %
Variable O&M costs  

Energy 23.59 160.15 49.10

Chemicals 3.08 20.10 6.40
Replacement of 5.46 3.71 11.40
membranes and
cartridge filters
Waste stream 2.31 1.58 4.80
disposal
Subtotal, variable 34.44 23.58 71.40
O&M costs
Fixed O&M costs  
Labour cost 2.94 2.01 6.10
Maintenance 4.90 3.08 10.20
Environmental and .84 .57 1.80
performance
Monitoring
Indirect O&M costs 4.90 3.5 10.20

Subtotal, fixed O&M 13.58 9.30 28.30

Total O&M Costs 48.02 32.89 100

The CRF is a function of the interest rate of the capital and the number of years over which the
investment is recovered (i.e., the plant capital expenditures are repaid). The CRF can be calculated
using the following relationship:
 
CRF = {(1+i) n– 1}/ {i (1+i) n}
where n = period of repayment of capital expenditures, and
i = interest rate of the amortized investment.
 
The CRF for a 40,000 m³/day seawater desalination project that has total capital costs of 518
crores, repayment period of 20 years, and amortization rate of 5.7 percent, is 11.752. Therefore, the
project’s annual amortized (annualized) capital cost is 518 crores /11.752 = 44.07 crs/yr. The
capital cost recovery portion of the cost of water for this example project is 44.07 crs/yr/
(38000m³/day × 365 days) = 31.77/m3.
Assuming an efficiency of 95% in the working output of the total plant capacity.
 
Therefore, the total cost of desalinated water comes out to be Rs. 64.66/m3.
 
Post-Treatment of Desalinated Water

Post-treatment of fresh water produced by

desalination has two key components:
• Mineral addition
• Disinfection
 Remineralization by Chemical Addition
• sequential feed of calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) and carbon dioxide to
supply hardness and alkalinity to the product water needed to protect
distribution system and household plumbing from corrosion

Magnesium is added as a commercially available food-grade product of

magnesium sulfate or magnesium chloride
For a target recommended dosage of alkalinity and hardness in the
product water of 100 mg/L, the water produced by the desalination
system will need to be treated with 74 mg/L of lime and 88 mg/L of
carbon dioxide.

Required Ca(OH)2=
=2960 Kg/Day

Required CO2 = (Density Of CO2 at stp= 1.98 kg/m3)

=1778 liter per day
 Disinfection
• By adding hypochlorite to water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is formed:
•
NaOCl + H2O → HOCl + NaOH-

• Hypochlorous acid is divided into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen (O).

The oxygen atom is a very strong oxidator.

• Sodium hypochlorite is effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi.

Sodium hypochlorite disinfects the same way as chlorine does.
• Due to the presence of caustic soda in sodium hypo chlorite, the pH
of the water is increased.

• solubility of calcium carbonate is dependent upon pH, temperature,

and ionic strength. Lime may not dissolve easily and may add
residual turbidity of 0.05 to 0.5 NTU (or higher)

• While sodium hypochlorite is used, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used

to lower the pH.