Dark Matter

DARK MATTER
PROLOGUE
• WE LIVE IN A TIME OF REMARKABLE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING
• SCIENTISTS ARE ARROGANT/CRAZY ENOUGH TO THINK THAT IT MAY BE
POSSIBLE TO SOLVE MAJOR PROBLEM IN ASTRONOMY ,COSMOLOGY AND
PARTICLE PHYSICS WITH A SINGLE DISCOVERY THAT TIES ALL TOGETHER
• IDEA: DARK MATTER IS A PARTICLE THAT CREATED RIGHTAFTER

BIGBANG THEORY AND HAD MAJOR IMPACT ON EVOLUTION OF
UNIVERSE AND STUFF ON IT
• Goal of this talk: to show you all how this might just tie all together
OVERVIEW OF THE TALK
• Will talk about some of the exciting question of science one by one:
• what is Dark matter and some evidence of it?
• what isbig bang theory?
• What does Dark matter have to do with big bang theory and evolution of the
Universe?
• What are scientist doing today to discover Dark matter?
• Final thoughts
WHAT
IS
DARK
MATTER?
ARK MATTER
What is
some
Evidence
for the
Dark matter?
HOW STARS MOVE IN GALAXIES
• Start by considering the case that there is no Dark matter in Galaxies
• Now we use laws of gravity to predict two things:

• The orbits of planet as they move around the solar system
• Stars as they move around Galaxy
• PREDICTION: BOTH ARE VERY MASSIVE SO WE EXPECT THE DATA TO LOOK

CONSISTENT WITH THAT
• DATA:
• FOR SOLAR SYSTEM THE DATA AGREES PERFECTLY

• FOR THE STARS IN OUTER PART OF GALAXIES THE PREDICTION DOESN’T
WORK AT ALL
DATA WELL EXPLAINED BY LOTS OF
“DARK MATTER” WE CAN’T SEE
THIS IS WHERE IT GETS ITS

NAME
• In some sense the name is a statement of almost all we
know about it[it doesn’t interact with light and it has
mass]
Lots of other evidence for Dark matter like gravitational lensing , but that’s for
another day……
OUR PLACE IN UNIVERSE
The Dark matter surrounds the

galaxy like the water surrounds
the fish in the middle of a
fishbowl
Not exactly the same…… denser in

the middle because of the pull of
gravity
WHAT IS
THE
BIGBANG
THEORY?
A BIG BANG
OCCURRED…..
THEN WHAT?
THE STORY OF THE
UNIVERSE SINCE
THE BEGINNING
Observe lots of galaxies with the
world’s best telescope
We notice that All the far away ones

are moving away from us very quickly
SO WHAT?
ALL THE STUFF IN THE GALAXIES APPEAR
TO HAVE COME FROM THE PAST
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST?
RUN THE CLOCK BACKWARD IN TIME

AND NAME THIS TIME AS THE BIG BANG
A MOMENT OF CREATION
SLIGHTLY MORE COMPLICATED THAN
THAT
• AS BEST AS WE UNDERSTAND THAT
UNIVERSE BEGAN WITH A BIG BANG
-A REALLY BIG BANG

THEN WHAT?
HOW DID WE GET AWAY FROM THE BANG

TO THE UNIVERSE WE HAVE TODAY?
A BRIEF HISTORYOF TIME
• ZERO • THE BIG BANG PRODUCES LOTS OF

PARTICLES
• ONE MILLIONTH OF ONE SECOND AFTER • QUARKS COMBINES TO FORM PROTOS AND
THE BANG NEUTRONS
• A FEW MINUTES • PROTONS AND NEUTRONS COMBINES TO

FORM NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM
NUCLIE AND ELECTRON COMBINES TO FORM
• FEW HUNDRED THOUSAND YEARS AN ATOM
• 100 MILLION TO 1 BILLION YEARS • ATOMS COMBINES TO FORM STARS AND

GALAXIES
• 9 BILLION YEARS • THEEARTH AND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
FORMS
• ~13.7 BILLION YEARS
• YOU ARE SEEING MY PRESENTATAION
WHAT DOES
DARK MATTER
HAVE TO DO WITH
BIG BANG THEORY?
THE KNOWN PARTICLES
• NO KNOWN PARTICLES HAVE THE PROPERTIES OF DARK MATTER
• OTHER REASONS TO BELIEVE THERE ARE FUNDAMENTALPARTICLES TO BE DISCOVERED
• FOR EXAMPLE – WE JUST DISCOVERED THE HIGGS BOSON
• MAY DARK MATTER IS A NEW PARTICLE
• NOTE : HIGGS BOSON IS SUBATOMIC PARTICLE WHOSE EXSISTENCE IS PREDICTED BY THE THEORY OF
UNIFIED THE WEAK AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS .
WHAT IS DARK MATTER ?
WE DON’T KNOW….
• HYPOTHESIS: dark matter consists of exotic particles that don't interact with normal
matter or light but that still exert a gravitational pull.
TODAY: OBSERVE 5 TIMES MORE DARK

MATTER THAN ATOMS (BY MASS)
IN THE UNIVERSE
WHAT ARE SCIENTISTS DOING TODAY
TO DISCOVER DARK MATTER?
Scientists study dark matter by looking at the effects it has on visible objects. Scientists believe that
dark matter may account for the unexplained motions of stars within galaxies. Computers play an
important role in the search for dark matter information. They allow scientists to create models which
predict galaxy behavior
CONCLUSION
• It’s an incredibly exciting thing to be a scientist!
• Astronomy, Cosmology and Particle Physics are all coming

together
• Perhaps we can understand the role of Dark matter in the

Universe since the Big bang!
• If our understanding is correct, a major discovery may be just

around the corner!
ABSTRACT
• Scientist have entered a golden age of discovery. We are starting to
tackle/answer the most exciting question ever asked, including
questions about Big bang , the fundamental building blocks of nature
and the Dark matter that surrounds the whole Universe. In this , I talk
about astronomy, cosmology , particle physics and Universe and the
reasons to think that the biggest thing in the Universe (like the
Universe itself) and the smallest things (like quarks and electrons) are
interlinked in itself. Indeed many of us believe that there is new ,
fundamental particle just around the corner to be discovered that put
all these things together.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://i0.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads
• https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.cJ_rSKiUKucH5MsEt4nuzQHaE9?w=2
32&h=180&c=7&o=5&dpr=1.25&pid=1.7
• Pinterest – India
• https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--YQmncmeZ--

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DARK MATTER

• IDEA: DARK MATTER IS A PARTICLE THAT CREATED RIGHTAFTER

• Now we use laws of gravity to predict two things:

• PREDICTION: BOTH ARE VERY MASSIVE SO WE EXPECT THE DATA TO LOOK

• FOR SOLAR SYSTEM THE DATA AGREES PERFECTLY

THIS IS WHERE IT GETS ITS

The Dark matter surrounds the

Not exactly the same…… denser in

We notice that All the far away ones

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST?

RUN THE CLOCK BACKWARD IN TIME

-A REALLY BIG BANG

HOW DID WE GET AWAY FROM THE BANG

• ZERO • THE BIG BANG PRODUCES LOTS OF

• A FEW MINUTES • PROTONS AND NEUTRONS COMBINES TO

• 100 MILLION TO 1 BILLION YEARS • ATOMS COMBINES TO FORM STARS AND

• OTHER REASONS TO BELIEVE THERE ARE FUNDAMENTALPARTICLES TO BE DISCOVERED

• FOR EXAMPLE – WE JUST DISCOVERED THE HIGGS BOSON

• MAY DARK MATTER IS A NEW PARTICLE

TODAY: OBSERVE 5 TIMES MORE DARK

• Astronomy, Cosmology and Particle Physics are all coming

• Perhaps we can understand the role of Dark matter in the

• If our understanding is correct, a major discovery may be just

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