Physics

Eleventh Edition

Cutnell & Johnson

Chapter 21
Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
21.1 Magnetic Fields (1 of 5)
The needle of a compass is
permanent magnet that has
a north magnetic pole (N)
at one end and a south
magnetic pole (S) at the
other.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields (2 of 5)
The behavior of magnetic
poles is similar to that of
like and unlike electric
charges.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields (3 of 5)
Surrounding a magnet there is a magnetic field. The
direction of the magnetic field at any point in space is the
direction indicated by the north pole of a small compass
needle placed at that point.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields (4 of 5)
The magnetic field lines and pattern of iron filings in the
vicinity of a bar magnet and the magnetic field lines in the
gap of a horseshoe magnet.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields (5 of 5)

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge (1 of 6)
When a charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences
a force, according to
 
F  qE

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts
on a Charge (2 of 6)
The following conditions must be met for a charge to experience a
magnetic force when placed in a magnetic field:
1. The charge must be moving.
2. The velocity of the charge must have a component that is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts
on a Charge (3 of 6)
Right Hand Rule No. 1. Extend
the right hand so the fingers point
along the direction of the
magnetic field and the thumb
points along the velocity of the
charge. The palm of the hand
then faces in the direction of the
magnetic force that acts on a
positive charge.
If the moving charge is negative,
the direction of the force is
opposite to that predicted by
RHR-1.

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge (4 of 6)
Definition of the Magnetic Field
The magnitude of the magnetic field at any point in space is defined as
F
B
q0  v sin  

 
where the angle 0  θ<180 is the angle between the velocity of the
charge and the direction of the magnetic field.

newton  second
SI Unit of Magnetic Field:  1 tesla  T 
coulomb  meter

1 gauss  104 tesla

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge (5 of 6)
Example 1 Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles
A proton in a particle accelerator has a speed of 5.0  106 m s. The
proton encounters a magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.40 T and whose
direction makes and angle of 30.0 degrees with respect to the proton’s
velocity (see part (c) of the figure). Find (a) the magnitude and direction
of the force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of the proton. (c) What
would be the force and acceleration of the particle were an electron?

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field
Exerts on a Charge (6 of 6)
(a) The acceleration is in the direction of the force.
F   
q0 vB sin   1.60  1019 C 5.0 106 m s 0.40T sin 30.0  
 1.6 1013 N

F 1.6  1013 N 13 2
(b) a    9.6  10 m s
mp 1.67  1027 kg

(c) Magnitude of the force is the same, but direction is opposite.

F 1.6  1013 N 17 2
a   1.8  10 m s
me 9.11  1031 kg

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field (1 of 5)
Charged particle in an electric field.

Charged particle in a magnetic field.

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field (2 of 5)
Conceptual Example 2 The
Physics of a Velocity Selector
A velocity selector is a device for
measuring the velocity of a charged
particle. The device operates by
applying electric and magnetic forces
to the particle in such a way that these
forces balance.
How should an electric field be
applied so that the force it applies to
the particle can balance the magnetic
force?

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field (3 of 5)
The electrical force can do work on a
charged particle.

The magnetic force cannot do work

on a charged particle.

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field (4 of 5)
The magnetic force always remains perpendicular to the velocity
and is directed toward the center of the circular path.
v2
Fc  m
r

v2
qvB  m
r

mv
r
qB
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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Magnetic Field (5 of 5)
Conceptual Example 4 Particle Tracks in a
Bubble Chamber
The figure shows the bubble-chamber tracks from
an event that begins at point At this point a gamma
ray travels in from the left, spontaneously
transforms into two charged particles. The particles
move away from point A, producing two spiral
tracks. A third charged particle is knocked out of a
hydrogen atom and moves forward, producing the
long track.
The magnetic field is directed out of the paper.
Determine the sign of each particle and which
particle is moving most rapidly.

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21.4 The Mass Spectrometer (1 of 2)
(for a singly ionized particle starting from rest)

 er 2  2
m  B
 2V 

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21.4 The Mass Spectrometer (2 of 2)
The mass spectrum of
naturally occurring neon,
showing three isotopes.

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field (1 of 5)
The magnetic force on the
moving charges pushes the
wire to the right.

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field (2 of 5)
F  qvB sin 

 q 
F     vt  B sin 
t  
L
I

F  ILB sin 

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field (3 of 5)
Example 5 The Force and Acceleration in a Loudspeaker
The voice coil of a speaker has a diameter of 0.0025 m, contains 55 turns of wire,
and is placed in a 0.10-T magnetic field. The current in the voice coil is 2.0 A. (a)
Determine the magnetic force that acts on the coil and the cone. (b) The voice
coil and cone have a combined mass of 0.0200 kg. Find their acceleration

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field (4 of 5)

(a) F  ILB sin 

  2.0 A 55  0.0025 m  0.10 T  sin 90
 0.86 N
F 0.86 N
(b) a    43m s 2
m 0.020 kg
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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic
Field (5 of 5)

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(1 of 6)

The two forces on the loop have equal magnitude but an application
of RHR-1 shows that they are opposite in direction.

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(2 of 6)

The loop tends to rotate

such that its normal
becomes aligned with the
magnetic field.

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(3 of 6)

Net torque    ILB  12 w sin    ILB  12 w sin    IAB sin 

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(4 of 6)

Example 6 The Torque Exerted on a Current-Carrying Coil

A coil of wire has an area of 2.0  104 m2 , consists of 100 loops or turns,
and contains a current of 0.045 A. The coil is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic moment
of the coil. (b) Find the maximum torque that the magnetic field can exert
on the coil.
magnetic
moment
(a) 
 
NIA  100  0.045 A  2.0  104 m 2  9.0  104 A  m 2
magnetic
moment
(b) 
 
  NIA B sin   9.0 104 A  m 2 0.15 T sin 90  1.4 10 4 N  m

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(5 of 6)

The basic components of a

dc motor.

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil
(6 of 6)

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(1 of 13)

Right-Hand Rule No. 2.

Curl the fingers of the right
hand into the shape of a half-
circle. Point the thumb in the
direction of the conventional
current, and the tips of the
fingers will point in the
direction of the magnetic field.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(2 of 13)

A Long, Straight Wire

0 I
B
2 r

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(3 of 13)

Example 7 A Current Exerts a

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
The long straight wire carries a current
of 3.0 A. A particle has a charge of
6.5 106 C and is moving parallel to
the wire at a distance of 0.050 m. The
speed of the particle is 280 m/s.
Determine the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic force on the
particle.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(4 of 13)

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(5 of 13)

Current carrying wires can exert forces on each other.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(6 of 13)

Conceptual Example 8 The Net Force That a Current-Carrying

Wire Exerts on a Current Carrying Coil
Is the coil attracted to, or repelled by the wire?

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(7 of 13)

A Loop of Wire

0 I
B
2R

center of circular loop

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(8 of 13)

Example 9 Finding the Net Magnetic Field

A long straight wire carries a current of 8.0 A and a circular loop of wire
carries a current of 2.0 A and has a radius of 0.030 m. Find the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic field at the center of the loop.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(9 of 13)

0 I1 0 I 2 0  I1 I 2 
B     
2 r 2 R 2  r R 

B
 4  10 7
T  m A   8.0 A

2.0 A 
 1.1  10 5
T
 
2    0.030 m  0.030 m 

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(10 of 13)

The field lines around the bar magnet resemble those

around the loop.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(11 of 13)

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(12 of 13)

A Solenoid

Interior of a solenoid
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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents
(13 of 13)

A cathode ray tube.

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21.8 Ampere’s Law (1 of 2)
Ampere’s Law for Static
Magnetic Fields
For any current geometry that
produces a magnetic field that does
not change in time,

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21.8 Ampere’s Law (2 of 2)
Example 10 An Infinitely Long, Straight, Current-Carrying Wire
Use Ampere’s law to obtain the magnetic field.

 B||   0 I

B     0 I

B 2 r  0 I

0 I
B
2 r
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21.9 Magnetic Materials (1 of 3)
The intrinsic “spin” and orbital motion of electrons gives rise to the
magnetic properties of materials.
In ferromagnetic materials groups of neighboring atoms, forming
magnetic domains, the spins of electrons are naturally aligned with
each other.

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21.9 Magnetic Materials (2 of 3)

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21.9 Magnetic Materials (3 of 3)

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