PPL Op
PPL Op
PPL Op
Video
Study of the external flight environment
Study of airport operations
Study of Airspace division and designations
RUNWAY
DEFINITION
Runway – named by a number from 01 to 36 , which is
generally one tenth of it’s magnetic heading.
RUNWAY
NUMBERING
FOR CLARITY IN RADIO COMMUNICATION, each
digit in the runway name is pronounced individually.
RUNWAY IN USE:
Direction facing the wind
ACTIVE RUNWAY
RUNWAY
IDENTIFICATION
TYPES OF RUNWAY (BY MATERIAL)
• PAVED
•CONCRETE
•ASPHALT
•UNPAVED
• GRASS
• DIRT
• MACADAM
RUNWAY
TYPES (BY MATERIAL)
THREE TYPES OF RUNWAYS:
1. VISUAL RUNWAY
2. NON PRECISION INSTRUMENT
3. PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
RUNWAY
TYPES
VISUAL RUNWAY
- are used at small airstrips, and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel,
asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual
runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines
RUNWAY
TYPES
NON PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
- runways equipped with an Instrument Approach that provides lateral
guidance.
RUNWAY
TYPES
PRECISION INSTRUMENT RUNWAY
RUNWAY
TYPES
Visual Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway numbering
• Aiming Point (may or may not have)
Runway Markings
Visual Runway
Non precision Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway numbering
• Aiming Point
• Threshold Marking
Runway Markings
Non Precision Runway
Precision Runway
• Sidestripes
• Centreline
• Runway Numbering
• Aiming Point
• Threshold Marking
• Touch down zone /
Distance Markers
Runway Markings
Non Precision Runway
5.Blast Pads – also known as overrun areas or stop ways, are often constructed just
before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by large planes during the
takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.
6.Displaced Threshold – may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollouts, but not
for touchdown. It is marked with white painted arrows that lead up to the beginning of
the landing portion of the runway.
RUNWAY
MARKINGS
Distance-to-go signage
◦ In thousands of feet to go
Runway Remaining
THRESHOLD LIGHTING
- High Intensity Directional GREEN LIGHT
where the threshold is located
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY EDGE
LIGHTS
- white elevated lights that run
the length of the runway on either
side.
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY CENTERLINE
LIGHTS
- white lights embedded in the
surface of the runway at 50 ft
intervals along the runway
centerline
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
TOUCHDOWN ZONE
LIGHTS
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
APPROACH LIGHTS
SYSTEM
- a lighting system installed on the
approach end of an airport runway and
consists of a series of light bars, strobe
lights, or a combination of the two that
extends outward from the runway end
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER
LIGHTS(REIL)
RUNWAY
LIGHTING
TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY
DEFINITION
NORMAL CENTERLINE
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
ENHANCED TAXIWAY
CENTERLINE
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
TAXIWAY EDGEMARKINGS
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
VEHICLE ROADWAYS
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
HOLDING POSITION
MARKINGS
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
ILS HOLDING POSITION
MARKINGS
TAXIWAY
MARKINGS
Rapid exit taxiway
TYPES of TAXIWAYS
RAPID EXIT TAXIWAY
Holding Point Taxiway
TYPES of TAXIWAYS
HOLDING POINT TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTS
TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHT
TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
STOP BAR LIGHT
TAXIWAY
LIGHTING
Land and Hold Short
Operations
Land and Hold Short Operations
Airport Signs
Video
AIRPORT SIGNS
Video
FAA – Airport, Signs, Markings and Procedures
Wind Indicators
Wind Direction Indicators
– indicates the wind direction to determine the runway to be used for
landings and takeoffs.
• Windsock
• Wind tee
• Tetrahedron
• Segmented circle
WIND INDICATORS
Wind sock – the oldest and most
common wind indicating device. A
cone-shaped device built of
durable, flexible material. When
the wind blows through the large
end of the cone, it causes the
small end to stand out and point
downwind. Lights are often placed
above the wind sock for night
illumination.
WIND INDICATORS
Direction
The wide part is where the wind is coming from.
Velocity
Drooped = wind calm
Fully extended = 15 knots and above
Half-extended= 7.5 knots
The Windsock
WIND INDICATORS
Wind Tee – have the stem (bottom)
of the “T” pointing in the direction the
wind is GOING (indicating that
landings should be in the opposite
direction). Think of this a small
airplane ( with the wings represented
by the crossbar or top of the “T”)
landing into the wind.
WIND INDICATORS
TETRAHEDRON - A large,
lightweight framework made in
the shape of a tetrahedron, a
triangular-shaped solid. The
tetrahedron always points into
the wind and shows pilots
approaching the airport the
correct direction to make their
landing approach.
WIND INDICATORS
Segmented Circle – provides traffic pattern information at airports
without operating control towers.
- is located in a position affording maximum visibility
to pilots in the air and on the ground. A wind and/or landing direction
indicator is usually in the center.
WIND INDICATORS
Other Airport
Structures
Apron or Ramp
– a defined area on land aerodrome
intended to accommodate aircraft for
purposes of loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling,
parking or maintenance.
Apron or Ramp
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
Hangar
- An enclosed structure to
hold aircraft and/or spacecraft in protective
storage.
HANGAR
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
Airport Terminal
- is a building at an airport where
passengers transfer between
ground transportation and the
facilities that allow them to board or
disembark from the aircraft.
Terminal Buildings
OTHER AIRPORT STRUCTURES
Air Traffic Control Tower
Airport Rotating Beacons
– the primary purpose of these beacons is to
identify the location of airports at night.
Color Pattern:
Civil Aerodrome: White-Green
Military Aerodrome: White-White-Green
Seaport: White-Yellow
Heliport: White-Green-Yellow
Obstruction Lighting
Radio Navigational Aids
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
-Includes:
-NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON (NDB)
-VHF OMNI DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
-INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
1. LOCALIZER
2. GLIDE SLOPE
LOCALIZER
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
TYPES OF GLIDESLOPE INDICATORS:
1.Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
2.Pulsating VASI
3.Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)
4.TRI COLOR VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR
4. The base leg – is the transitional part of the traffic pattern between the
downwind leg and the final approach leg.
Once you are in the pattern, the controller may request that you
perform some maneuvers for batter traffic spacing, including:
600m
Bubble effect of 500ft
◦ Aircraft that has right of way should maintain its heading and speed.
◦ Approaching Head-on
Both aircraft shall alter course to the right.
Landing:
◦ An aircraft in flight, or on the ground shall give way to aircraft in the final
stages of flight.
◦ Aircraft at a higher altitude shall give priority to aircraft at the lower
altitude.
◦ Power-driven aircraft shall give way to unpowered aircraft
◦ Aircraft shall give way to any aircraft in an emergency
Right-of-Way Rules
Aircraft
maneuvering on the ground shall give
way to aircraft about to take off.
STOP!!!
If you see this guy crossing your taxi path.
Aispace
TYPES OF AIRSPACE:
2.UNCONTROLLED –airspace in
which Air Traffic Control does not exert
any executive authority, although it may
act in an advisory manner
Airspace
Types of Airspace
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE INCLUDES:
4. CLASS A – All airways, and FL200 (if not in a TMA) and above
Controlled Airspace
Types of Airspace
UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE INCLUDES:
Uncontrolled Airspace
Types of Airspace
Philippine Airspace
What is VFR?
◦ VFR is navigation by referencing outside objects e.g. “looking
outside the window”
CLASS A,B,D,G 5 km
CONTROL TOWER
4 MAJOR ROLES OF ATC
CONTROL TOWER
Air Traffic Control TEAM includes
Aerodrome Control (ADC) – control aircraft on the ground/air, in the Air Traffic
Area (ATA) and Control Zone (CZ)
Approach (APP) – control all instrument flights in the Terminal Maneuvering Area
(TMA)
Area Control Center (ACC) – a unit established to provide air traffic control service
to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdictions.
ATC service
LIGHT SIGNALS OF CONTROL TOWER
Flight Operations Briefing Stations (FOBS) – receiving of flight plan,
briefing of pilots.
– the purpose of ATIS is to relieve the controller’s workload. They need not
repeat the same information.
-All
VFR flight plan s are
automatically open
Flight Plan
NOTAMs are created and transmitted
by government agencies and airport
operators.
Notices to Airmen were normally
published in a regular publication (for
example: Flight Magazine in the UK) by
each country's air authorities.
Types
N: “new”
B: “NOTAM has been released for
over 7 days”
R: “Revised NOTAM”
C: “Cancelled NOTAM”
B0724/10
NOTAMS
EXER EXTREME CTN WHEN PSG RWY06/24 AND
TWY CHARLIE DUE PRESENCE OF MEN AND EQPT
NOTICE TO AIRMEN APRX 85M N RWY CL AND 70M S TWY CHARLIE CL.
FROM 06 071730 TO 07 310400
Aircraft Lighting
•Beacon
•Taxi light
•Navigational light
•Strobe light
•Landing light
Aircraft Lighting
Beacon Light
◦ Used when the aircraft’s power units are in operation, or intended to be
operated.
Taxi Light
◦ Used during taxi operations
Strobe Lights
◦ Activated upon crossing an active runway
◦ Activated upon entering an active runway
◦ Deactivated after exiting a runway after landing
Aircraft Lights
Landing Lights
◦ Activated when the aircraft is cleared for takeoff.
◦ Deactivated after departure
◦ Reactivated when on approach for landing
◦ Deactivated when cleared of the active runway.
Navigation Lights
◦ Turned on when periods of low visibility exist, including night operations.
◦ Must be turned on before engine start during night operations
Summary
Review ICAO Doc 9432
◦ Manual of Radiotelephony
Assignment
End of Subject
Thank you and good day!