Airfield Runway

Airfield : Runway
Components of Airports
Airport Buildings
Terminals
Hangars
Air Traffic Control Towers
Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting
AIRFIELD
Airside – consisted of Airfield and Airspace
Airfield/Aerodrome – is a wide location from which aircraft flight operations take place. It is smaller
than an airport.
Airspace - surrounding an airport, of the ground, where aircraft maneuver, after takeoff, before
landing or pass through on the way to another airport.
Land-side – consisted of Terminal and ground access
Airports Terminal – component is designate to facilitate the movement of passengers and luggage
from land-side to aircraft on the air-side.
Airport’s Ground Access - component accommodates the movement of ground-based vehicles to and
from the surrounding city area, as well between the various buildings found on the airport property.
RUNWAY
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Runways are defined rectangular
surfaces, on an airport, prepared or suitable for the landing or takeoff of airplanes.
The colors of markings on runways are white. A runway should be marked according to its usage.
The three classifications of Runways:

Visual Runways
Nonprecision Instrument Runways
Precision Instrument Runways
Visual Runways
does not have an existing or planned straight-in instrument approach procedure
Nonprecision Instrument Runways

has an existing instrument approach procedure which uses navigational aids with only horizontal or
lateral guidance to the airport or runway.
Precision Instrument Runways

has an existing instrument approach procedure using a precision instrument landing system, which
provides both lateral and vertical guidance to a runway end.
Importance of Runway Layout
* Determination of runway is a critical task.

* Important for safe take offs and approaches.
* The width and sloping of runway also play a role in safe approaches.
Runway Numbers
Runways are numbered based on their compass bearings, measured in tenths of a degree. Imagining a
compass, 360 represents north, 90 represents east, 180, south and 270 denotes west. Runways are
numbered between 01 and 36, and to identify a runway, the zero is dropped from the magnetic
heading the runway is facing. For instance, a west-facing runway with a heading of 270 degrees
translates to runway 27 and so on.
Runway Heading
Runway Configuration
4 Basic Runway Patterns:

1. Single Runway - an airport having one runway
2. Parallel Runway - two or more runways at an airport whose centerlines are parallel
3. Open-V Runway - are two intersecting runways whose extended centerlines intersection beyond
their respective thresholds
4. Intersecting Runway- two ore more runways that cross or meet within their lengths
Factors affecting Runway Orientation
* Wind
* Airspace Availability
* Environmental factors
* Obstructions to navigation
* Air traffic control visibility
* Wild life hazards
* Terrain and soil consideration
Wind Rose Analysis

⁃ An approach often used in determining the runway orientation is called the wind rose method.
The method uses a wind rose template to arrange velocity, direction, and frequency of wind
occurrences within a certain period of time (normally 10 years or more).
Runway Lighting
Green Threshold Lights: Line the runway edge.
Red Lights: Mark the end of runway.
Blue Lights: Run alongside taxiways
RUNWAY SIGNS
Runway Length and Width
Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245m (804 ft) in length and 8m (26 ft) wide in
smaller general aviation airports, to 5,500m (18,045 ft) in length and 80m (262 ft) in width at
large international airports built to accommodate the largest jets.
Runway Pavements
Runway pavement is particularly designed to withstand strong airplane weights, fast traffic,
and a variety of weather situations. In terms of thickness, materials, and structural design, it
is different from the pavement used for standard roadways.
Types of AIRFIELD PAVEMENT

1.Flexible Pavement- is made up of asphalt and aggregate materials.
2.Rigid Pavement- is made up of concrete that is in forced with steel or other hard materials.
3.Combination or Composite Pavement- It is a type of pavement that utilizes both asphalt
and concrete.
RUNWAY MARKINGS
Airport markings are a system of symbols, lines, and colors found on runways, taxiways,
aprons, and other areas of an airport. They serve as visual aids to guide pilots, ground crew,
and Air Traffic Control, indicating the boundaries and areas of different spaces of the airfield,
such as runways, taxiways, holding positions, and parking areas.
Runway Markings Colors - use defined colors to prevent confusion and misidentification.
1.Runway Designators - refers to the direction of the runway that based on the magnetic
north, which is the compass heading when the aircraft lands and departs on the runway
2.Runways Centerlines - these are the white and located along the center-line of the runway
between runway designation markings. These markings consist of a line of uniformity spaced
stripes and gaps.
3.Runway Threshold Markings - Identifies the beginning of the runway that is available and
suitable for landing. Threshold Markings consist of several white longitudinal stripes of
uniform dimension arranged evenly about the runway center-line.
4.Runway Aiming Point - the aiming point marking serves as the visual aiming point for a
landing aircraft.
5.Runway Touchdown Zone - identify touchdown zone for landing operations and are coded
to provide distance information in 500 feet or 150 meters increments.
6.Runway Side Stripe Markings - delineate the edges of the runway. They provide a visual
contrast between runway and abutting terrain or shoulders.
7.Runway Shoulder Markings - it is used to supplement runway side stripes to identify

pavement areas contiguous to the runway sides that are not intended for use by aircraft.
8.Displaced Threshold - is a threshold located at a point on the runway other than the
designated beginning of the runway. Displacement of a threshold reduces the length of
runway available for landings.
9.Demarcation Bar - the yellow demarcation bar is a 3 feet wide, painted yellow bar. It
separates displaced threshold from a blast pad, stop-way, or taxiway that precedes the
runway.
(a)Chevrons - these markings are used to show pavement areas aligned with the runway tat
are unusable for landing, takeoff, and taxiing. Chevrons are yellow arrows.
10.Blast-Pad, Stop-way and Overrun Area - it protects the area immediately behind the
runway threshold. During an emergency, like a rejected takeoff, the blast pad becomes a
stop way of additional surface on which to slow and stop the aircraft.
RUNWAY SAFETY AREA (RSA) - serve as the primary safety mitigation for runway excursions.
Runway Excursions RE - According to ICAO, is a veer off or overrun from the runway surface.
These surface events occur while an aircraft is taking off or landing, and involve many factors
ranging from unstable approaches to the condition of the runway.
Runway Lighting
Runway Lightings – are an important feature of the airport lighting system. They must be
easily visible, work continually in all operational situations, and, of course, comply with ICAO
requirements (compliant with international aviation regulations).
Three Categories of Runway Lighting System:

1. Approach Lighting System
2. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)/Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI),
Runway End identifier Lights (REIL), Runway Edge Light System.
3. In-runway Lighting System
AIRPORT IMAGINARY SURFACES

-Is also known as FAR 77.25 Civil Airport Imaginary Surfaces who established a complex
structure of imaginary surfaces in relation to each runway at civil airports.
- either slope out and up from all sides and ends of runways or are a horizontal plane or a
sloping plain above public use airport.
5 IMAGINARY SURFACES
- Primary Surface- Aligned (longitudinally) with each runway and extends 200 ft. from each
runway end
-Approach Surface- Longitudinally centered with the runway and extends beyond the
primary surface
-Transitional Surface- Constructed to join approach and horizontal or approach and
transitional surfaces
- Horizontal Surface- Horizontal plane 150 ft. above the established airport elevation.
Constructed by swinging arcs around the end of the primary surface
-Conical Surface- 20:1 slope surface extending beyond the horizontal surface
PURPOSE OF AIRPORT IMAGINARY SURFACE
- Imaginary surfaces exist primarily to prevent existing or proposed manmade objects,

objects of natural growth or terrain from extending upward into navigable airspace.

Airfield Runway

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Airfield Runway

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Airfield Runway

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Airfield : Runway

Airside – consisted of Airfield and Airspace

Land-side – consisted of Terminal and ground access

The three classifications of Runways:

Nonprecision Instrument Runways

Precision Instrument Runways

Importance of Runway Layout

* Determination of runway is a critical task.

4 Basic Runway Patterns:

Wind Rose Analysis

Types of AIRFIELD PAVEMENT

7.Runway Shoulder Markings - it is used to supplement runway side stripes to identify

Three Categories of Runway Lighting System:

AIRPORT IMAGINARY SURFACES

PURPOSE OF AIRPORT IMAGINARY SURFACE

- Imaginary surfaces exist primarily to prevent existing or proposed manmade objects,

You might also like